School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Copyright Cardiff University. To be effective in providing the intended support and guidance in any of these capacities, ethics committees should: Ethics committees that serve faith-based or other mission-driven heath care institutions have a dual responsibility to: AMA Principles of Medical Ethics: II, IV, VII. The R&D office supports the development of high quality research within the Health Board and ensures it is conducted and managed to a high scientific and ethical standard. hcareethics@cardiff.ac.uk We are dynamic, innovative and forward looking, and recognised for our excellence in learning, teaching and research. Findings will be disseminated through scientific conferences, peer-reviewed journals and online workshops. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Committee membership should represent diverse perspectives, expertise, and experience, including one or more community representatives. 2021 Jun 7;23(6):843. doi: 10.1093/europace/euab053. - U)ofQNlV$eyG] In addition to facilitating decision making in individual cases (as a committee or through the activities of individual members functioning as ethics consultants), many ethics committees assist ethics-related educational programming and policy development within their institutions. CSAD Framework for ethics approval of research projects, CSM Framework for ethics approval for research project, CSSHS Framework for ethics approval for research projects, School This includes ensuring that research involving human participants carried out by staff and students conforms to the highest ethical standards as well as safeguarding the general principles laid down in the Cardiff Metropolitan University Ethics Framework. 4 0 obj Each SREC is also responsible for the monitoring of ongoing projects and overseeing the suitable training in ethical principles for students and staff. hbbd```b``^"gH&afegE@$r0y, Under the direction of the department chair, Ezekiel Emanuel, MD, PhD, the Department stands as one of the premier institutions of research and education in medical ethics and health policy in the world. %PDF-1.5 % 3 National Hip Fracture Database, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK. The impact of the enhanced recovery pathway and other factors on outcomes and costs following hip and knee replacement: routine data study. 1136855, Career support for international students, Helping young people reach their potential, Educational resources and activities for teachers, schools and colleges. and transmitted securely. Ethics Committees in Health Care Institutions, Decisions for Adult Patients Who Lack Capacity, Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment, Orders Not to Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR), Sedation to Unconsciousness in End-of-Life Care, Transplantation of Organs from Living Donors. Cardiac implantable electronic device; Cybersecurity; Data controller; Data processor; EHRA; ESC Regulatory Affairs Committee; General Data Protection Regulation; Informed consent; Informed consent form; Joint data controller; Remote monitoring. Students should consult their supervisor for meeting dates for the relevant School committees. 1227 0 obj <>stream 2 Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University and University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK. School of Psychology (SoPREC) School of Psychology students and staff should submit their applications electronically via the ethics pages of the School . Our SRECs are responsible for conducting ethical review of all research proposals within the School involving human participants, their data or tissue (unless the responsibility to conduct such research falls to an external committee). Corrigendum to: Remote monitoring of cardiac implanted electronic devices: legal requirements and ethical principles - ESC Regulatory Affairs Committee/EHRA joint task force report. The UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and the South Central Berkshire Research Ethics Committee approved the trial protocol. Provides training for staff and students on research integrity and good practice, misconduct, ethics and governance and is the named point of contact for research integrity matters. . f RNl@ l)2!`v f!DU"DD }`6j1`"J@X&F PfPm| Disclaimer. Cardiff University uses the MMI (Multiple Mini Interviews) format for Medicine interviews. ` i Each School has developed a framework for ethics approval of research projects, select the relevant one from the drop down boxes below. Contact us hcaredeanery@cardiff.ac.uk +44 (0)29 2068 7689 Our location School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, CF14 4XN Patients' outcomes are partly explained by patient-level risk factors, but it is hypothesised that organisational-level factors account for the persistence of unwarranted variation in outcomes. From 2002-2013 Ruth directed the ESRC Centre for Economic and Social Aspects of Genomics (Cesagen): a Lancaster-Cardiff collaboration. sportethics@cardiffmet.ac.uk Health contact: Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Statistical analyses will identify which organisational factors explain variation in patient outcomes, and typify care pathways with high-quality consistent patient outcomes. A patient who has decision-making capacity appropriate to the decision at hand has the right to decline or halt any medical intervention even when that decision is expected to lead to his or her death, When a patient lacks appropriate capacity, the patients surrogate may halt or decline any intervention. Copyright Cardiff University. @{t={@+`C2bdqE<2`)!>LAQ)T\ Introduction: Sport contact: Hip fracture care pathway, Flow diagram used to determine organisational data metrics. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Our Research and Ethics Committee isresponsible for granting ethical approval for non-clinical research involving human participants, material or data. FMHuniEthics@leeds.ac.uk Tel: 0113 34 31642. Alternatively, they may be two independent controllers. MeSH Meetings take place on a monthly basis but applications must be submitted three weeks prior to the meeting date in order to allow time for them to be reviewed. . Ethics committees, or similar institutional mechanisms, offer assistance in addressing ethical issues that arise in patient care and facilitate sound decision making that respects participants values, concerns, and interests. Registered charity no. Respect the rights and privacy of all participants and the privacy of committee deliberations and take appropriate steps to protect the confidentiality of information disclosed during the discussions. The authors have declared no competing interest. Queries related to such cases should be directed to Kate Jefferies in the first instance. At Cardiff University, a devolved or two-tiered system of ethics review has been created in which a top-level university research ethics committee provides policy advice to and oversight of school . Clinical effectiveness of orthogeriatric and fracture liaison service models of care for hip fracture patients: population-based longitudinal study. The .gov means its official. The Cardiff Metropolitan University Ethics Committee is a Sub-Committee of \*_=$ht;a mm)>OxT$WHu2@wb3M[PLi24(L=IV.; Judge A, Javaid MK, Leal J, Hawley S, Drew S, Sheard S, Prieto-Alhambra D, Gooberman-Hill R, Lippett J, Farmer A, Arden N, Gray A, Goldacre M, Delmestri A, Cooper C. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Sep. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Hip fracture care pathway flows from prehospital care, through the hospital superspell, through to any occurring hospital activity in the year after hip fracture. Re-use permitted under CC BY. government site. 486 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6A2CF056360A724AB0343A9A0D7ADC6D>]/Index[479 21]/Info 478 0 R/Length 55/Prev 282048/Root 480 0 R/Size 500/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Self-employed cardiologists also are data controllers. Ethics committees, or similar institutional mechanisms, offer assistance in addressing ethical issues that arise in patient care and facilitate sound decision making that respects participants' values, concerns, and interests. 2021 Feb 8;2(1):49-59. doi: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztab011. The site is secure. Cynthia C. Morton, Ph.D. Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur Boston, MA 02115, USA Tel. Manchester: NICE, 2017. hXo8WZam},iKbGJv'Mf;"ZHs)%Ja3 N8H"DB"$41!aq1#N; J8PS F)X The Human Tissue Act 2004 established the HTA to regulate activities concerning the removal, storage, use and disposal of human tissue. The Warwick Hip Trauma Evaluation--a prospective cohort study. Age Ageing 2016;45:23642. Staff and students at Cardiff Metropolitan University must conform with the requirements of the Human Tissue Act in all activities involving the storage of human tissue. Substantial variation in the delivery of hip fracture care, and patient outcomes persists between hospitals, despite established UK national standards and guidelines. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. FOIA The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Specific queries regarding the ethics approval process should therefore be directed to the appropriate School contact in the first instance. UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) . PMC Tel: 0113 3436210/ 39253 Projects that are considered low risk may be eligible for proportionate review. National Library of Medicine Shaded boxes indicate variables which will be included in analyses. The goal of ethics consultation is to support informed, deliberative decision making on the part of patients, families, physicians, and the health care team. Complex organisational factors influence multidisciplinary care for patients with hip fractures: a qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to service delivery. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The ethics committee procedures and all the documents for applying for School Research Ethics Approval can be found in Learning Central at Organisations - Postgraduate Learning Central Module - School Research Ethics on the left hand menu. At Cardiff University, each academic school has its own School Research Ethics committee (SREC) that is responsible for ensuring that all research carried out within the School has been subject to an ethical review.The university's procedure for ethical review allows staff and . Institute of Medical Genetics Cardiff University Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK Tel. %PDF-1.5 In making decisions about health care, patients, families, and physicians and other health care professionals often face difficult, potentially life-changing situations. Clarendon Way An official website of the United States government. -, Glynn J, Hollingworth W, Bhimjiyani A, et al. *Include if two or more of the four reviewers categorised variable as include or possible, otherwise exclude; any lack of consensus resolved by a third reviewer (the principal investigator). A decision is communicated to the applicant within 5 working days of the date of the meeting or completion of proportionate reviews. Quantitative analysis will assess the outcomes of patients treated at 172 hospitals in England and Wales (2016-2019) using National Hip Fracture Database data combined with English Hospital Episodes Statistics; Patient Episode Database for Wales; Civil Registration (deaths) and multiple organisational-level audits to characterise each service provider. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. MBBCh courses. Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Emphasizing the Emerging Role and Perspectives from Artificial Intelligence, Mobile Health, and Digital Laboratory Medicine. FOIA 1198 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4258D52BF4741C4BA643AA573AA343F7>]/Index[1161 67]/Info 1160 0 R/Length 154/Prev 375096/Root 1162 0 R/Size 1228/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Judge A, Carr A, Price A, Garriga C, Cooper C, Prieto-Alhambra D, Old F, Peat G, Murphy J, Leal J, Barker K, Underdown L, Arden N, Gooberman-Hill R, Fitzpatrick R, Drew S, Pritchard MG. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2020 Jan. Lowry S, Goff L, Irwin S, Brady O, Curran N, Lelliott Z, Sevdalis N, Walker A. BMJ Open. Strong passion in community and volunteering with some experience in charity work and play therapy. An insistence on the highest ethical standards underpins our research, and the welfare of research subjects is paramount. 20 School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. endobj Cardiologists who care for patients with CIEDs that are remotely monitored should be aware of these issues. This report from a joint Task Force of the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Regulatory Affairs Committee of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommends a common legal interpretation of the GDPR. Age Ageing. The whole MMI takes under 2 hours. healthethics@cardiffmet.ac.ukCSSHS Framework for ethics approval for research projects, Contact: Griffin XL, Parsons N, Achten J, et al. Flow diagram used to determine organisational data metrics. Careers. At Cardiff Met, the highest principles of ethics and integrity underpin all research activity. We analyzed cross-sectional data of 292 SCA3 mutation carriers including 57 pre-ataxic individuals, and 108 healthy controls from the European . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Province 510080 . An application for ethics approval 1 Details on the process of gaining ethics consent for your research can be found on the research pages . Serve as advisors and educators rather than decision makers. The work of the committee is not restricted to ethical issues related to research but can include any issue related to compliance with the Universitys Ethics Framework. Skilled in innovation, public speaking, ICT and safeguarding children. Research Secretary In many cases, patients who seek assistance have been repeatedly frustrated in their attempts to have a child and are psychologically vulnerable. Faculty of Medicine and Health Research Ethics & Governance Administrator Room 9.29, Worsley Building Clarendon Way University of Leeds LS2 9NL. Mixed-methods implementation study of a virtual culturally tailored diabetes self-management programme for African and Caribbean communities (HEAL-D) in south London and its scaling up across NHS regions in England: study protocol. The application form and guidance notes can be accessed under the 'Useful Documents' below. 1136855, Career support for international students, Helping young people reach their potential, Educational resources and activities for teachers, schools and colleges, all PhD and Professional Doctorate student projects, members of staff undertaking research not requiring HRA ethical approval, masters students (excluding MSc Advanced Practice). % In particular, staff and students should be aware of and adhere to the institution's Code of Practice for obtaining Informed Consent. Last year, MMIs for 2022 entry were held online. School of Psychology students and staff should submit their applications electronically via theethics pages of the School website. Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University and All Wales Medical Genetics Service) Dr . sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This includes standards for resolving competing responsibilities and for documenting committee recommendations in the patients medical record when facilitating decision making in individual cases. Royal College of Physicians . Would you like email updates of new search results? LS2 9NL, FMHuniEthics@leeds.ac.uk Queen's University Belfast - School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science. hbbd``b`f@QH4XA@E&FF2 || Our SRECs report to the University's Open Research Integrity and Ethics Committee, which has overarching responsibility for ensuring that research is conducted in accordance with the highest ethical standards. %%EOF 4 Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK. Bookshelf Cybersecurity vulnerabilities have been reported concerning the security of transmission of data between a patient's device and the transceiver, so manufacturers should use secure communication protocols. Learn about the historical development of these groups, their current roles in the medical community and how educators can prepare future physicians for ethical challenges they will face in . In addition to facilitating decision making in individual cases (as a committee or through the activities of . School of Medicine Level 1 Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland, View the contact page for more contact and location information, School of Medicine > Research > Research Ethics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee, Online Learning Assistance Resources - Sharepoint Local Access, Fitness to Practice Policy (local access), Postgraduate Course - MSc Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinical Neurophysiology and Neural Engineering, Neuropharmacology and New Drug Development, Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Practice Education Protocols and Essential Information, Assessing the numbers, needs, risks, and evidence based interventions for children impacted by parental substance misuse within the South East Region, Next Generation Research, the prevalence of children and young people impacted by parental substance misuse across the Tallaght community, Addiction Nursing Models for Best Practice: A review of the addiction nursing role, An analysis of childhood depression, obesity and school performance among urban disadvantaged children, Routine health surveillance data: a retrospective longitudinal analysis of opioid addiction treatment among older adults, Hidden Harms and Hidden Data: Estimating the number of children of parents who misuse substances and exploring risk and protective factors of young people with parents who used heroin, An investigation of how the role of the family influences the health of the school-aged child from a disadvantaged area, The Centre for Health Policy and Management, Mapping the Pathways to Universal Health Care, MSc Biomedical Sciences Today the Code is widely recognized as authoritative ethics guidance for physicians through its Principles of Medical Ethics interpreted in Opinions of AMAs Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs that address the evolving challenges of contemporary practice. endstream endobj startxref HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building Dr Stephen Thompson, CSAD Framework for ethics approval of research projects(NB. Uphold the principles to which the institution is committed. Models of care for the delivery of secondary fracture prevention after hip fracture: a health service cost, clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness study within a region of England. Methods and analysis: Leeds LS9 7TF, Email:j.k.mcdermott@leeds.ac.uk -. DREC website, Applications should be submitted viaRachel De Souza At Cardiff Met, the highest principles of ethics and integrity underpin all research activity. This applies to: The Committee will also oversee the administration of undergraduate research projects. U3Mr~BDrDX`BRP)DjRTD VqE~L%{P%!\M`J{y{aD|6Jf VGtF>x`S`-bONADY[eyjN6J~$07&6A3Kuzk. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Organisational domains are indicated by green boxes, and these are mapped to the pathway. Any research project involving human participants, human data or human tissue must be subject to ethical review by an independent, competent, and properly constituted ethics committee. Structure of the multi-level models used in the statistical analyses in the REducing unwarranted variation in the Delivery of high qUality hip fraCture services in England and Wales study. Ensure that all stakeholders have timely access to the committees services for facilitating decision making in nonemergent situations and as feasible for urgent consultations. An official website of the United States government. AJohansen is the clinical lead for the National Hip Fracture Database, in the Royal College of Physicians, London. Patients, physicians and other health care professionals, health care administrators, and other stakeholders should not be required to accept committee recommendations. 8600 Rockville Pike Manufacturers and hospitals should be designated as joint controllers of the data collected by remote monitoring (depending upon the system architecture) and they should have a mutual contract in place that defines their respective roles; a generic template is proposed. Main research topics: Health Science, Oncology and Cancer research, Surgery, Immunology, Psychiatry. . | Learn more about Luke Morgan's work experience, education, connections . 10.1093/ageing/afv204 Competing interests: None for RP, SD, XLG, TJ, JG, MB, KW, ECB, YB-S, RG-H, CLG. At the heart of medicine lie relationships founded in a covenant of trust between patient and physician in which physicians commit themselves to responding to the needs and promoting the welfare of patients. Third-party providers of monitoring platforms may act as data processors. hUkk0+}YaEK%4h;he`mv^Na0uu40"!kXkCd H( 7&. Multiple hospital organisational factors are associated with adverse patient outcomes post-hip fracture in England and Wales: the REDUCE record-linkage cohort study. 10.1007/s00198-020-05404-1 Before School of Dentistry The .gov means its official. Orders not to attempt resuscitation (DNAR orders) direct the health care team to withhold resuscitative measures in accord with a patients wishes. University of Leeds There are four sub-committees of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Research Ethics Committee: Applications should be submitted viaJulie McDermott This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 0 Before *Include if two or more, Structure of the multi-level models used in the statistical analyses in the REducing, MeSH Documentary analysis of 20 anonymised British Orthopaedic Association hospital-initiated peer-review reports, and qualitative interviews with staff from four diverse UK hospitals providing hip fracture care, will identify barriers and facilitators to care delivery. J Geriatr Cardiol. Email: psyc-ethicssubmissions@leeds.ac.uk, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Data protection and freedom of information, Approaching and recruiting research participants, LTHT/UoL Human Tissue Act Standard Operating Procedures, Biological Sciences Faculty Research Ethics Committee, Business, Environment and Social Sciences (AREA) Research Ethics Committee, Medicine and Health Faculty Research Ethics Committee (inc four School RECs), Reviewers Comments Example Standard Responses Common Issues, 2023 University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT. Osteoporos Int 2020;31:157385. The mixed-methods REducing unwarranted variation in the Delivery of high qUality hip fraCture services in England and Wales (REDUCE) study, aims to determine key organisational factors to target to improve patient care. Be structured, staffed, and supported appropriately to meet the needs of the institution and its patient population. The School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee reviews applications from staff and students from the School of Medicine TCD. hb```f`` AX, @Ni~A-'A(WZ ACmL`Q8mG$iFl9y4 [ elV^`w Ethical approval is an essential part of conducting research. There are usually 9 MMI stations, with 6-9 minutes allotted to each station. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted ESC working group on e-cardiology position paper: use of commercially available wearable technology for heart rate and activity tracking in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention-in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association of Preventive Cardiology, Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professionals, Patient Forum, and the Digital Health Committee. Dr Claire Kelly. Dabla PK, Gruson D, Gouget B, Bernardini S, Homsak E. EJIFCC. A favourable ethical opinion, subject to conditions specified by the committee or reviewers. The HTA Designated Individual at Cardiff Met is These applications must match the Level 1 Research Ethics criteria as set out here: Criteria for Research Ethics Committees (2014)(PDF 119 kB). Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:37282. 2023 Feb 16;24(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06164-9. of Education & Social Policy. How does deprivation influence secondary care costs after hip fracture? Associate Professor of Medical Sciences (in Medicine and in Medical Humanities and Ethics) ms4075@cumc.columbia.edu Alexis Walker, PhD Assistant Professor aw3350@cumc.columbia.edu Research Associates Caitlin McMahon, PhD, MPH Project Director cem2173@cumc.columbia.edu Show more Mika Caruncho, MSW, MPH Research Associate mc5176@cumc.columbia.edu National Library of Medicine Ethics and dissemination: Jane Holmes. : (+44) 2920-744062 Fax: (+44) 2920-746551 e-mail: cooperDN@cardiff.ac.uk. Our policies are designed to enable researchers to carry out their research effectively, whilst ensuring that it is consistent with the highest standards of integrity and ethics. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067161. Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. stream Prof Edmund Prakash, Contact: Informed consent to medical treatment is fundamental in both ethics and law. St James University Hospital R\F! X#r( (Professor of Clinical Ethics, Warwick Medical School) . All rights reserved. When an intervention no longer helps to achieve the patients goals for care or desired quality of life, it is ethically appropriate for physicians to withdraw it. Such situations can raise ethically challenging questions about what would be the most appropriate or preferred course of action. Accessibility b7,=w+UF)=i+. 21 Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, . UEC is supported by School based ethics committees which report directly to it. Competing Interest Statement. invested in our biggestcampus upgrade for ageneration. Ethics applications being managed in the proportionate review will still receive 2 ethical reviews and evaluation by the chair/ nominated person. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 4.3 Prior to embarking on the research study, ethics approval must be sought from the appropriate School committee1. , Contact: Draw on the resources of appropriate professional organizations, including guidance from national specialty societies, to inform committee recommendations. The Author(s) 2020. The Faculty of Health Science Student Research Ethics Committee (HSSREC) has been created to review ethics applications for projects being undertaken by undergraduate and master's Students in relation to their degree certification. Cardiff University Medicine Publications & Citations Other Cardiff University pages Jeremy Chalk. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. %%EOF endstream endobj startxref The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality. Enabling individuals to donate nonvital organs is in keeping with the goals of treating illness and relieving suffering so long as the benefits to both donor and recipient outweigh the risks to both. of our graduates were in employment and/or further study, due to start a new job or course, or doing other activities, such as travelling. Research involving NHS patients or relatives of patients must be approved by an NHS Research Ethics Committee. The European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes legal responsibilities concerning the collection and processing of personal information from individuals who live in the EU. Any research project involving human participants, human data or human tissue must be subject to ethical review by an independent, competent, and properly constituted ethics committee. : 617-525-4535 Fax: 617-525-4533 e-mail: cmorton@bwh . Recovery of health-related quality of life in a United Kingdom hip fracture population. User engagement data for the period January 1 st AJudge has received consultancy fees from Freshfields, Bruckhaus, Derringer and Anthera Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hip fracture care pathway and domains of organisational-level data. The site is secure. EMRM has received funds for an unrelated independent study sponsored by CeramTec UK limited. Online informed consent is obtained . The University Ethics Committee (UEC) has ultimate responsibility for the maintenance and monitoring of ethics governance at the institution. From 2014-18 she was a member of the Centre for Social Ethics and Policy at the University of Manchester as Professor of Bioethics. Patel R, Judge A, Johansen A, Marques EMR, Griffin J, Bradshaw M, Drew S, Whale K, Chesser T, Griffin XL, Javaid MK, Ben-Shlomo Y, Gregson CL. arlington, wa accident reports,
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