analyzing rhetorical strategies in presidential speeches assignment

Single speeches. . For some people, she was even a crook and a liar, or, at least, dishonest (Sainato, 2016). family, man, person, etc.). B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. A) A limited number of options are presented. The rest of this article is organized as follows. You can use this rhetorical device to present a problem and a subsequent solution. head, ache, sleep). The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. Reagan Challenger Speech Teaching Resources | TPT This activity could happen as part of the prewriting process or after essays have been completed. One can compare them to those employed by US presidents in their inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). No general theory specifies precisely the k value, but a value from 200 to 500 represents a pertinent choice justified by various studies (Savoy, 2015b). In this essay, we will analyze the rhetorical strategies used by Anne Hutchinson in her sermons . NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Jennifer Mercieca, a historian of American political rhetoric, about how President Trump has changed the way Americans talk about politics, the government and each other. For Session Five, students should bring in their papers. The following remarks illustrate these aspects. Kasich depicts the highest value leading clearly more toward action. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Who is Reagan's intended audience for this part of his speech? DOC Unit 1 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignments What is the main reason a speaker might use exclusive language? The analysis will use the oral communication form, a more direct and spontaneous way of interacting, reflecting more closely the personal style of each candidate. This set of words indicates the political electoral parlance or recurrent words used by politicians during an election. Exploring the Power of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Words through Diamante Poetry. Some places to look for speeches include: American Rhetoric: This has lists of famous speeches with full text and audio/visual for most. To answer these questions, the current study will focus on the US primaries TV debates. Steve Jobs Commencement Speech: Rhetorical Appeals. evaluate to something in a careful and thoughtful way ad hominem reasoning that attacks the rather than the Have them choose an audience to whom they would deliver an argumentative speech. 00:00 / 00:00. 6.3 What is Rhetorical Analysis? - A Guide to Rhetoric, Genre, and To generate Fig. the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. 1 May 2023. (2010) to estimate the popularity of the Obama administration. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state. The present study is focusing on two less explored aspects, namely, the electoral campaign on the one hand, and on the other, the oral form. 3 0 obj The two closest candidates are Bush and Rubio (0.104), while the second shortest distance (0.114) joins Clinton with Sanders. Copyright 2021 NPR. Some persons never appear in a TV debate (e.g. PDF Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. One can also see that all values are relatively close to 19, except for Trump who is adopting an even more simple and direct communication style. O The repetition emphasizes the principles of freedom. With a similar value and following the same tendency, one can find Trump and Paul. In this assignment, I will closely analyse the speech made by Earl Spencer for the funeral of . Recently, such distance matrices can be represented by a tree-based visualization method respecting approximately the real distances between all nodes (Baayen, 2008). You know, in a way, he's like an authoritarian P.T. Which rhetorical technique does this paragraph demonstrate? Two speeches during the American presidential campaign of 2008 are analyzed: one speech . Based on this perspective, the longest distance (0.251) connects Trump and OMalley, and the second longest (0.181) links Paul to OMalley. Work with students to identify warrants, claims, and appeals. When giving a . SHAPIRO: Jennifer Mercieca of Texas A&M University, author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". endobj "Since rhetoric is the art of effective communication, its principles can be applied to many facets of everyday life" (Lamb 109). Read the excerpt from Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. Me and the Congress?). O Voting in the municipal election is a matter of life and death. Can one measure the stylistic distance between the candidates in both parties? Martnez and Gonzlez's (Citation 2012) study utilized Systemic Functional Linguistic meaning-making tools in analyzing U.S. presidential campaign speeches. and appeals before you start. To avoid this problem, a better computation is provided in (Covington and McFall, 2010) or (Popescu, 2009), suggesting taking the moving average of TTR. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. Ultimately, I analyzed whether Trump deviated from Campbell and Jamieson's (1985) Search for other works by this author on: As a second stylistic indicator, the lexical density (denoted LD in. This lesson has been aligned to standards in the following states. 1, only the functional words (409 entries) have been used to reflect the style of each candidate. Political texts have been the subject of various studies discussing different aspects of them. The "Great Speeches Collection" from The History Place are available here in print and in audio. With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. In State of the Union speeches by Obama, the absolute frequency of the article the and the pronoun we is very similar. From George Washington to George W. Bush, Delta: a measure of stylistic difference and a guide to likely authorship, Testing the thematic concentration of text, Cutting the Gordian Knot: the moving-average type-token ratio (MATTR), The use of function word frequencies as indicators of style, Quantitative authorship attribution: an evaluation of techniques, Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts, Verbal Style and the Presidency. What did the author have to keep in mind when composing the text? Maria Engberg, Iben Have and Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen (eds), About Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, About the European Association for Digital Humanities, About the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations, 4 Evaluation of Stylistic Characteristics of the Candidates, 5 Evaluation of Topical Characteristics of the Candidates, http://observer.com/2016/11/email-reveals-clinton-camp-spied-on-sanders-delegates-before-convention/, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 EADH: The European Association for Digital Humanities. All rights reserved. The 2016 US presidential election was characterized by two figures, both unloved by the majority of Americans (Yourish, 2016). Check your understanding of various theories on the nature of intelligence by matching the names of their originators with the brief descriptions of the given theory's main theme. To measure the specificity attached to a term (Lafon, 1980; Muller, 1992), the corpus is split into two disjoint parts denoted P0 and P1. Splitting the vocabulary into two distinct parts is relatively known in stylistic (Damerau, 1975), authorship attribution (Argamon and Levitan, 2005; Stamatatos, 2009), or in quantitative linguistics studies (Tuzzi, 2010). xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). It studies the rhetorical strategies that help the speakers to achieve the desired goal effectively, and add persuasiveness to the addresses. The fifth section visualizes the relative position of each candidate in stylistic and topical spaces. Can one be more precise than the simple sequence of isolated words such as balanced, budget, we (Kasich) or IRS, tax (Cruz)? This present article examines the verbal style and rhetoric of the candidates of the 2016 US presidential primary elections. O to convince the audience that there are limited options. The set of all distinct word types forms the vocabulary, denoted by V, while the text length is represented by n. Some statistics about candidates speeches and comments. Tree-based graphs are more appropriate when displaying similarities between author profiles or stylistic affinities between works (Labb and Labb, 2006; Labb, 2007). They don't like seeing bad trade deals, they don't like seeing higher taxes, they don't like seeing a loss of their jobs where our jobs have just been devastated. (D. Trump, 10 March 2016), Im spending all of my money, Im not spending, I'm not getting any, I turned down, I turn down so much, I could have right now from special interests and donors, I could have double and triple what he's got. (D. Trump, 16 September 2015), Just excuse me, one second, Rand, if you don't mind, Rand, you know, you are on last, you do have your 1 percent. (D. Trump, 16 September 2015). PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: He's walking out, like, with big high-fives, smiling, laughing. Here's an example of a rhetorical essay introduction to a speech from president trump: Rhetorical Essay Introduction - Example. hierarchical clustering built on the complete link) to visualize the different groups of candidates according to their stylistic profiles. Table 2 reports the top ten most frequent lemmas for each selected candidate. You saw people over the last few weeks planning an insurrection and, in fact, invading the Capitol and then later saying, I'm here because my president told me to be. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty generalization? For example, from the sentence But I also know this problem is not going away, the POS tagger returns But/cc I/prp also/rb know/vbp this/dt problem/nn is/vbz not/rb going/vbg away/rb ./.. . What Are Rhetorical Strategies? (With Examples) - Zippia Providing the most over-used terms is sometimes not enough to have a clear understanding of the candidates position on a given issue. Donald Trump's rhetoric has elicited comparisons to former Alabama governor George Wallace. Senators Cruz or OMalley have a more sophisticated communication style, employing longer sentences and a more complex lexicon. Rhetorical analysis is a type of college essay in which the writer conducts a deep analysis of an object. Rhetoric can be defined as the ability to determine how to best communicate in a given situation. Bligh M., Merolla J., Schroedel J. R., Gonzalez R. Hewings A., Painter C., Polias J., Dare B., Rhys M. Marcus M. P., Santorini B., Marcinkiewicz M. A. OConnor B., Balasubramanyan R., Routledge B. R., Smith N. A. Slatcher R. B., Chung C. K., Pennebaker J. W., Stone L. D. Toutanova K., Klein D., Manning C., Singer Y. Wilson T., Hoffmann P., Somasundaran S., Kessler J., Wiebe J., Choi Y., Cardie C., Riloff E., Patwardhan S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. This computation technique has been adopted. O to rally the support of the American people for war. They can peruse print or online news sources to select a current event that interests them. Sanders answers and remarks are clearly more focused on a few topics. Washington, DC - Two decades ago, on May 1, 2003, then-US President George W Bush declared "major combat operations in Iraq have ended" in a speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln . Look, I have the greatest respect for Senator Sanders and for his supports and I'm going to keep working as hard as I can to reach as many people of all ages about what I will do, what the experience and the ideas that I have that I will bring to the White House and I hope to have their support when I'm the Democratic nominee. (H. Clinton, 17 January 2016), I think now what I've called for is counsel for every child so that no child has to face any kind of process without someone who speaks and advocates for that child so that the right decision hopefully can be made. (H. Clinton, 11 February 2016), Lets make the Affordable Care Act work for everybody. (H. Clinton, 4 February 2016). These language devices can be used across written and spoken mediums to manage the listener's views. Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. From these analyses, one can observe, for example, that governmental institutions tend to smooth out the differences between political parties when exercising command. The sentence boundaries are defined by the POS tagger (Toutanova et al., 2003) and correspond to strong punctuation symbols (namely, periods, question, and exclamation marks). The analysis of the most frequent terms reveals some important themes of the 2016 primary election. This estimator has the drawback of being instable, tending to decrease with text length (Baayen, 2008). The of ! This rhetoric problem was recognized by previous US president such as President Johnson who told his speechwriters: I want four-letter words, and I want four sentences to the paragraph. (Hart, 1984). With this information one can derive the lemma by removing the plural form of nouns (e.g. A Computer-based Analysis, Getting Started: Describing the Grammar of Speech and Writing, Quantitative analysis of US presidential inaugural addresses, Experiments on authorship attribution by intertextual distance in English. The underlying idea is to quantify the activity by verbs while the descriptiveness of a text is represented by the proportion of adjectives. such as press releases; Labb and Monire, 2013). On 20th, January in the year 2009, he took an oath of office as the 44th president of America. Students learn how to play "devil's advocate" by evaluating sports reforms, reading an engaging non-fiction article, and participating in a town hall meeting in which they represent the interests of various stakeholders to generate debate and develop critical thinking skills. Unit 1 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment. South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Nominated by the Democrats (28 July 2016), Hillary Clinton always appeared as a cold woman, a member of the political establishment rejected by many people. Patrick Henry and "Give Me Liberty!" - Lesson Plan - America in Class To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides: Analysis Tool and Guides Each presidential speech is unique. Cruz, Paul, Clinton, Sanders) tend to prefer using the pronoun I, at least during an electoral campaign. % In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. 1. And he lets them know that they shouldn't trust anyone but him. In this type of analysis, the object of analysis is mostly some kind of book, a movie, or any other type of creative work. Rhetorical Analysis Of Back To School - 1034 Words | Bartleby The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. President Barack Obama made history by being America's first African-American president. And so he'll say, you know, that's a dumb question. Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. Rhetorical Devices In Obama's Speech - 908 Words | Bartleby Reagan achieves this by using parallelism, great diction choices, and . <> But Trump was able to beat all his opponents and won the nomination for the Republican party (21 July 2016). Trump's intended audience while giving the speech is to his loyal supporters. endobj The pronoun we stays ambiguous (Who is behind the we? To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. To analyze the rhetoric and style adopted by the candidates during the primaries of the 2016 US primary election, the transcripts of the TV debates have been downloaded from the Internet (mainly from the Web site www.presidency.ucsb.edu). Presidential Studies Quarterly (PSQ) is the only scholarly journal that focuses on the most powerful political figure in the world the president of the United States. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. How can one define them, and, from a statistical point of view, be sure that the proposed terms are significantly over-used by the candidate? From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). Finally, the champion in the usage of I is Trump who clearly has adopted a distinct style in the campaign, putting the light more on his ego. To conclude briefly, previous studies have mainly analyzed governmental speeches, and less frequently the electoral speeches (Boller, 2004) or related messages (e.g. O to explain why military action is necessary These are effective because it brings almost a third dimension to his speech. What is the purpose of presenting a false dilemma in a speech? Such a sentence can be defined as the one having the largest number of over-used terms. Explain. But he also threatens violence more than any of his predecessors have. For Cruz, the most significant words depicted in Table 6 have a clearer meaning when reading two of his most specific sentences. These results present also the stylistic evolution over more than two centuries and can be compared to those achieved using traditional methods as, for example, by Lim (2002). What is the impact of the loaded language in this paragraph? That is, a person reading a written text aloud will produce speech that has the linguistic characteristics of the written text. endobj Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. In this table, the personal pronouns are depicted in bold. What is Speech Analysis? As another frequently used word, one can see say (five candidates), country, know, go (four candidates), and president, think for three candidates. Le discours des premiers ministres qubcois: 1960-2005. Here, rhetoric is defined as the art of effective and persuasive speaking, the way to motivate an audience, while language style is presented as pervasive and frequent forms used by an author for mainly esthetical value (Biber and Conrad, 2009). So, you know, a typical president would sit down with a reporter and answer questions. When considering the most frequent lemmas, the candidates can be split into two groups, one using more frequently the pronoun I, and the second favoring more the we (which corresponds to candidates leaving the presidential run sooner). The president must make a speech that appeals to the audience while being professional. Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). The tone shifts throughout the selection. After gaining skill through analyzing a historic and contemporary speech as a class, students will select a famous speech from a list compiled from several resourcesand write an essay that identifies and explains the rhetorical strategies that the author deliberately chose while crafting the text to make an effective argument. In this figure, the distance between two candidates is indicated by the lengths of the lines connecting them. Moreover, the first and last examples tackle one of the recurrent topics for the Democrat, for which the terms college, university, and tuition are specific in Sanders rhetoric. tgm=-~dH++jD$f+[zwZT]R-QnGG!B_>L{\DIm$N`=jD`j8=P:&Wm/? They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources (e.g., print and nonprint texts, artifacts, people) to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. Therefore, the two forms of communication must be analyzed separately. Which best describes the type of appeal used in this part of the speech? Two types draw major attention: in augural addresses and "crisis" speeches. MERCIECA: You see them respond. The presence of a strong leader is usually accompanied with a real change in the style and vocabulary of governmental speeches (Labb and Monire, 2003; Savoy, 2015c). To reflect the style, one can consider the k top most frequent lemmas from our electoral corpus. 4 0 obj And we've seen that has really specific results. On the bottom part, one can find the Democrats, with a shorter distance between Clinton and Sanders than with OMalley. During this primary election, Donald Trump presents clearly an atypical figure, employing short sentences, a reduced vocabulary, repeating the same arguments with simple words (see Table 2). What is a Rhetorical Analysis Essay? Know Now With Examples - College Essay 1 is present in the elaboration of Fig. For this paper a rhetorical analysis of Obama's addresses was performed using a form of genre criticism. Barnum, trying to, you know, redirect our attention and yet keep our attention all of the time. The analysis of the style can be grounded on the relative frequencies of the different POS or grammatical categories. From a stylistic point of view, this corpus is homogenous, corresponding to an oral communication form, extracted from a short period of time, and with the same main objectives (convincing the people, answering questions, presenting their ideas and solutions). Taking another strategy, one can use the h-point splitting the vocabulary into two parts. For all candidates, except for Cruz or Paul, the term people appears in the top four most frequent topical words. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. Based on US presidential speeches, that study presents the rhetorical and stylistic differences between the US presidents from Truman to Reagan, while a more recent book (Hart et al., 2013) exposes the stylistic variations from G. W. Bush to Obama. A text or a dialogue with a high percentage of BW tends to be more complex to understand. In this study, P0 corresponds to all comments by a given candidate, while P1 denotes all other comments and remarks. The current analysis follows this principle to consider the style, on the one hand and, on the other, the content. Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. TRUMP: What a stupid question. His answers contain more nouns and names adopting a more descriptive rhetoric. YouTube). Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz).
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