<]>> The sensitivity analysis illustrated that temperature has the highest effect on the relative TC followed by base fluid TC and particle volume fraction. trailer Progress and Perspectives of Lithium Aluminum Germanium PGI is a colorless, water soluble, hygroscopic liquid with a characteristic glycol odor, medium viscosity, low vapor [14,15] for mono nanofluids based on the same base fluid, propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. The thermal entropy generation is decreased by 31.78% and the frictional entropy generation is raised by 22.50% over the basic fluid data at 1.0% and Reynolds number of 1454.4. Vajjha and Das [24] also prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based Al2O3, CuO and ZnO nanofluids and measured thermal conductivity up to 10.0vol.%. Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. Conjugate heat transfer was found to reduce the Nusselt number which agrees with the literature, this also resulted in a Peclet number dependent Nusselt number. Namburu et al. The present work shows an innovative frame saw machine to cut granite, the eccentric hinge guide mechanism is introduced into the machine. , DOI: 10.1039/D2NR06332H. Corresponding authors, a Hybrid nanofluids aim to further improve the characteristics of mono nanofluids. 0000102258 00000 n Fig. Tyler et al. The heat transfer capability of these single phase heat transfer fluids is limited because of its poor thermal conductivity. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. To create stable nanofluids, the ND nanoparticles are ultrasonically agitated with EG for 4h. At a constant heat flux of q=9099W/m2, experiments were carried out in a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 264.4 to 2194.4. Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. [18] observed thermal conductivity enhancements of 7.2% and 9.8% for water based ND nanofluids at 3.0vol.% at temperatures of 30C and 50C, respectively. WebPropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PM; CAS No. Effects of heatlight source on the thermal efficiency of - Springer Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the, Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids, Viscosity of alumina nanoparticles dispersed in car engine coolant, Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol and water mixture based Fe, Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of three nanofluids and development of new correlations, Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids considering variable properties, Experimental investigation on the thermal transport properties of ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing low volume concentration diamond nanoparticles, Thermal transport properties of diamond-based nanofluids and nanocomposites, Volume fraction and temperature variations of the effective thermal conductivity of nanodiamond fluids in deionized water, Enhanced thermal properties of nanodiamond nanofluids, Increase of nanodiamond crystal size by selective oxidation, Experimental investigation of heat transfer and effectiveness of employing water and ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid in a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Heat transfer and exergy efficiency analysis of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture diamond nanofluids flow through a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Laminar convective heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency studies on ethylene glycol based nanofluid containing nanodiamond nanoparticles, Experimental and modeling studies of N-doped carbon quantum dot nanofluids for heat transfer systems, Modeling thermal conductivity of nanofluids using advanced correlative approaches: Group method of data handling and gene expression programming, Thermophysical, rheological and electrical properties of mono and hybrid TiB2/B4C nanofluids based on a propylene glycol:water mixture, A new frame saw machine by diamond segmented blade for cutting granite, The significance of scaling effects in a solar absorber plate with micro-channels, Improved transient heat transfer performance of ZnOpropylene glycol nanofluids for energy management, Thermal conductivity and viscosity of water based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids: An experimental study, Effect of temperature and sonication time on nanofluid thermal conductivity measurements by nano-flash method, Thermo-physical properties of diamond nanofluids: A review. 0000003207 00000 n On the other hand preparation of propylene glycol/water (PG/W) based nanofluids and estimation of thermal properties is also important before use in heat transfer equipments, because these PG/W fluids are also used as engine coolants for automobile radiators. k5fX.TX#HksQ} >6!"vg8{!SP/(b8#_"hr 1q"I}\gxu'Gxq`j^vGF`i R7`md\qM._8>)pbE.x%6s&Eg)c^mDO1 }rZ~&\!=[aHM3]qIvT=nD{vf!oSAc0T]z4J0({(YxkyCWboRycfP'{ug04tTS[eun-8'$Q)^U/+jkaIB@^%BX# WebDOWFROSTfluid is a formulation of 95.5 percent propylene glycol, dipotassium phosphate and water. Similarly, the viscosity enhancements are 1.55-times, 1.50-times and 1.66-times for the same 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids at a temperature of 60C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. The optimized method for purifying the UDD powders is established. In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80wt%. 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion stability of BNNB nanofluids and exploring the influence of BNNB morphology on the thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties of nanofluids. Electrical 245-255, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 91, 2015, pp. The fluid is colorless (water white). Another method for removing the carbon impurities from the UDD powders is with dry salt or dry sucrose [10]. From the IR spectra, the UDD powders contain some functional groups of H, OH, COOH were clearly observed but the intensity is very low (black line). To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the WebElectrical Conductivity ( S/cm) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.05% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.025% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) Electrical Conductivity vs. Time for the Coolant Formulations in a 1 L Dynamic Test Loop at 70oC 11 xref If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission The theoretical models of Maxwell and Einstein have failed to estimate the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids as a function of temperature. 0000142997 00000 n [15] observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 12% at 0.9vol.% of nanodiamond (ND)-poly (glycidol) polymer brush/EG nanofluids, similarly observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 11% at 1.0vol.% of ND.oleic acid/mineral oil nanofluids. One of the authors (L.S.S.) The instrument is based on transient plane source (TPS) technique and is widely used for thermal conductivity measurement. The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. Among all the carbon materials ND particles creates great interest because of their superior hardness, thermal conductivity, i.e. Absolute deviations lower than 1.5% were obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the aforementioned nanopowder thermal conductivities, as can be observed in Fig. In addition, the models for estimating the viscosity and thermal conductivity of N-CQDs nanofluids are proposed, respectively. The statistical and graphical results showed that the proposed models are more precise and reliable than the existing ones in literature. Check with Union Carbide or Dow as they manufacture glycols. I understand they do have a web site. Because dissolved salts and other inorganic chemicals conduct electrical current, conductivity increases as salinity increases. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. The other chemicals such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose (C12H22O11) and propylene glycol (C3H8O2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. Chemical co-precipitation was used for the synthesis of large quantity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 11.42nm. An estimation of the optimal supplied energy and time for sonication was suggested, while temperature and volumetric concentration effects on thermal conductivity are evaluated by measurements. The carbon based materials such as multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene and nanodiamond (ND) materials contain high thermal conductivity compared to other materials. Thermophysical, rheological and electrical properties of The peak near 1630cm1 represents the OH bending of physically adsorbed water and the hydrogen, Since the literature does not report for the thermal conductivity ratios of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W nanofluids, in Fig. Islam, R.; Shabani, B. The eccentric hinge guide mechanism facilitates the formation of both matrix tails on the segments and a group of more new micro cutting edges, which improve diamond stability as well as self-sharpening. WebPGI is a distilled product with a purity specification of minimum 99.5% and is available from The Dow Chemical Company in drum, IBC and bulk quantities. Ethylene Glycol / Water Mixture Properties - CORECHEM Inc. would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research grant: SFRH/BPD/79104/2011. In this study, more than 3200 data of thermal conductivity of nanofluids were collected from literature to develop simple-to-use and accurate correlations for predicting relative thermal conductivity of nanofluids. However, those results have not been collectively compared or discussed. However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. %%EOF A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0 vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. Nanofluids offer many opportunities to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems by improving the thermal properties of the host fluids. A. O. Maselugbo, B. L. Sadiku and J. R. Alston, The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of EG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, ZnO and Fe3O4 nanofluids. Nanodiamondwater nanofluids were prepared and estimated the thermal conductivity, viscosity and also estimated their potential use in heat transfer applications. The synthesized environmentally friendly N-doped carbon quantum dots nanoparticles (N-CQDs) had a uniform particle size distribution, with particle sizes concentrated between 2 and 2.5nm. This study recommends that the volume concentration of Fe3O4/60:40%W+EG nanofluid should not exceed volume concentration of 1.0% because the added benefit of working with concentrations higher than 1.0vol% may not outweigh the added cost and complexities of the nanofluid. [34], in which the nanofluids prepared in pure PG have lower thermal conductivity enhancement than that of. Appl. 0000002234 00000 n Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Here, we perform electrical characterizations of propylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluids with volume fractions as high as 7%, measuring up to a 100-fold increase in electrical conductivity over the base fluid. 0000089466 00000 n Nanoscale, 2023, Advance Article 209 0 obj<>stream 0000017674 00000 n The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. The UDD powders contains large quantity of carbon impurities, which can be removed using strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make UDD powders into single ND particles. Table 8-3-1 - Properties of mixture Water/Glycol - CERN MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) or C2H6O2. 0000086285 00000 n Engineering and Operating Guide for Dowfrost and Dowfrost HD [27] analysis if the value of C/Ck<4 then the nanofluid is heat transfer beneficial fluid. Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. WebMaintains low electrical conductivity Uses proprietary non-ionic corrosion inhibitor formulation with years of research Can be used with Formulation: Propylene Glycol, There are different methods to purify the UDD powders. Increasing the concentration of the nanofluid beyond 1.0vol% shows a little improvement in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Properties The ultra-sonication technique was employed for preparing the mixture and results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity enhancements of Al2O3H2O nanofluids are highly dependent on sonication time and the energy supplied to the fluid for its preparation. The ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders were purchased from International Technology Centre, USA (http://www.itc-inc.org) with the following specifications: 98% purity, 510nm particle core size, cubic shape, grey color, 300400m2/g specific surface area. 0000125049 00000 n Due to the different particle sizes and shapes of nanoparticles, the proposed model can better predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluids compared with other empirical models. Ghazvini et al. 1000W/mK and Young's modulus, high electrical resistivity, attractive optical characteristics, and excellent chemical stability and biocompatibility. The acid treated ND particles were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and XPS. 2 shows the IR spectra of UDD powders, acid treated, salt and sucrose milled samples. A binary mixture of propylene glycol and water at 20:80 mass ratio offers protection against freezing up to 265.98 K [13], making it suitable as a heat transfer fluid In addition, both cutting efficiency and slab flatness were recorded. The thermodynamic, heat transfer and thermal performance factor were analyzed experimentally at different particle volume loadings of water+ethylene glycol mixture based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flow in a shell and helical coiled tube heat exchanger. The viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid. Forget about conductivity, it is directly related to temperature and is used in domestic/process water systems (water treatment) where you don't ha The UDD powders can be treated with strong acids such as HNO3, mixture of H2SO4/HNO3, K2Cr2O7 in H2SO4, KOH/KNO3 to remove the carbon impurities [3], [4]. 11 is presented the percentage thermal conductivity enhancement [(knfkbf)/kbf100] for these ratios along with the data with the data of Palabiyik et al. 0000073108 00000 n The UDD powders contains large quantity of carbon impurities, which can be removed using strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make UDD powders into single ND particles. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. endstream endobj 181 0 obj<. The thermal conductivity of 0.1vol% of N-CQDs nanofluid increased by 43.21% at 50C compared to the base fluid. 180 0 obj <> endobj They also observed the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of ND particles based on the FTIR analysis. 0 In this study, the thermal conductivity of graphene/propylene glycol nanofluids is tested using the Hot Disk TPS-500S thermal constants analyzer (Hot Disk AB, Gteborg, Sweden). The as-obtained LAGP thin film also possessed a high ionic conductivity of 2 10 5 S cm 1 at 25 C and a low electronic conductivity value of 1.1 10 9 S cm 1. jralston1@ncat.edu, b Scaling effects such as viscous dissipation and entrance effects had insignificant impact on the measured average Nusselt number. Additionally, surface tension and electrical conductivity are investigated. BNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. Naik and Sundar [28] prepared 30:70% PG/W based CuO nanofluid and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. All were assigned as low priority for further work. * Accurate estimation of thermal conductivity (TC) of nanofluids is essential in thermophysical studies of nanofluids. The purchased UDD powders treated with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND-crystals. Complex Coolant Fluid for PEM Fuel Experiments were performed to study the transient heat transfer characteristics of probe-ultrasonicated, surfactant-free, ZnOpropylene glycol (ZnOPG) nanofluids under constant heat flux and constant bath temperature conditions. Drazen, you seem to have drifted from the original question. The problem is glycol in the condensate which could be fatal to the boiler. We need Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods. Similarly, at 1.0vol% and Reynolds number of 2702, the thermal entropy generation is dropped by 38.12%, frictional entropy generation is raised by 12.86%, exergy efficiency is enhanced by 36.48% and thermal performance factor is augmented by 1.2094 times over the base fluid. In the heat exchanger, the hot fluid passes through the shell side and the cold fluid (nanofluid) passes through the helical coil side. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders is removed with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND crystals. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Measuring glycol concentrations by electrical conductivity is not recommended, especially in process systems, heat exchangers, etc. The quality of The hot fluid volume flow rate was fixed to 1 lit/min, whereas, the cold fluid (nanofluid) volume flow rate was varied from 2 to 6 lit/min. Propylene glycol Thereby, nanofluids have proven to be useful in applications, especially electronic cooling, where increasing thermal properties and avoiding electrical conductivity are vital. V.C.1 Complex Coolant Fluid for PEM Fuel Cells - Energy Prediction of electrical conductivity of TiO 2 water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for cooling application in low temperature PEM fuel cells. Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity. Using propylene glycol (PG) without any dispersants as a salt-free medium, we measure the electrical conductivities of 20, 40, and 60 nm diameter ZnO nanoparticle dispersions up to 7% volume fraction, applying Ohshima's model to determine the limiting ionic conductance of the system. Nanofluid preparation and characterization Nanofluid preparation conductivity The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of PG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, and Fe3O4 nanofluids. Reynolds numbers were in the range 10100 and fluid inlet temperatures ranged from 5 to 40C. Webconductivity. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of ND particles was analyzed by FTIR spectrum. 5. The present findings are consistent with those of Palabiyik et al. The article presents the results of detailed studies of the thermal conductivity of the water slurry of microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) and slurry based on waterpropylene glycol solutions. The PG/W nanofluids are prepared with acid treated ND particles. The two-step approach was used to create ND nanofluids with volume concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 1.0%. At 1.0vol%, the thermal conductivity enhancements of 12.7% and 22.8%, at 1.0vol%, the viscosity enhancements of 1.57-times and 1.8-times were observed at temperatures of 293K and 333K compared to water data. Results showed that ND nanofluids achieved higher heat transfer coefficients than the base fluid. The overall heat transfer coefficient and nanofluid-side heat transfer coefficient under constant bath temperature condition were found to increase with increasing nanoparticle volume concentration. to access the full features of the site or access our, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA. 8 . Since water is seen as the golden standard in thermal conductivity, higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in a water solution will cause heat to pass through it slower, therefore, the lower the amount of ethylene glycol in the mixture, the more efficient it is at conducting heat.