Reliquary of Sainte Foy, ca. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Pamela Sheingorn,Robert L. A. Clark, and Bernardus, Posted 4 years ago. Which is the best hair dryer in the world? The glorious appearance of the reliquary can be seen as a representation of the sacred powers of the relic within. This item: The Book of Sainte Foy (The Middle Ages Series) by Pamela Sheingorn Paperback $26.50 RB 1980: The Rule of St. Benedict in English by Timothy Fry Paperback $3.95 Medieval Saints: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures) by Mary-Ann Stouck Paperback $53.00 Customers who viewed this item also viewed Page 1 of 1 Start over Fig. Which direction do I watch the Perseid meteor shower? Not only did this plan take the symbolic form of the cross but it also helped control the crowds of pilgrims. 29. 13. Unfortunately, Foy was then tortured to death with a red hot brazier (a pan for coals) and beheaded, at only twelve years of age. (photo: In the center sits Christ as Judge, and he means business! The use of spolia, or the repurposing of Roman artifacts, connects the statue to Rome, the seat of Christianity, and its riches. At the age of twelve, she was condemned to die for her refusal to sacrifice to pagan gods, she is therefore revered as a martyr, as someone who dies for their faith. It is a 33-inch wooden statue covered in gold and gemstones, with a bust made from a repurposed Roman helmet. A sanctuary for wolves in a community which once trembled in fear of the murderous "Beast of Gvaudan.". 4. Fig. The figures appear to have a slight hunch, as if they are reacting to the weight of the arches above them. Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe. Sainte Foy kneeling before the hand of God, Last Judgment Tympanum, Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques, France. Imagine you pack up your belongings in a sack, tie on your cloak, and start off on a months-long journey through treacherous mountains, unpredictable weather and unknown lands. The reliquary holds the skull of Sainte Foy in the bust, which is made from a repurposed Roman helmet. The captor is sometimes tortured and then dismissed. Header Image. Catching a glimpse of the reliquary was the main goal of the pilgrims who came to Conques. Direct link to miariedelis's post Does Sainte Foy use squar, Posted 7 years ago. Pamela Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), PDF e-book, 8. A bishop who governed the area of Conques but was not well liked by the monks of Conques is depicted as being caught in one of the nets of Hell. There is a gilded reliquary in the abbey, which was one of the most famous in all of Europe. Kathleen Ashley and Pamela Sheingorn, An Unsentimental View of Ritual in The Middle Ages or, Sainte Foy Was No Snow White, Journal of Ritual Studies 6, no. Alas, they are not unknown in any of those areas of human life. 1. 16-6) initially held by St. Bernard of Angers? Meanwhile, the relics themselves, once hidden within the container, could be glimpsed through apertures or vials of rock crystal (17.190.498; 17.190.353; 17.190.504). Reliquaries are the containers that store and display relics. [citation needed], The golden statue reliquary of Sainte-Foy dominated the treasury of Conques. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. Direct link to Mizael Zamudio's post the reliquary was stolen , Posted 3 years ago. Ninth-century reliquary of Saint Faith at Conques. [2] The second phase of construction, which was completed by the end of the 11th century, included the building of the five radiating chapels, the ambulatory with a lower roof, the choir without the gallery and the nave without the galleries. The reuse of older materials in new forms of art is known as spolia. Because of their sacred and economic value, every church wanted an important relic and a black market . The distinction between the meaning of an image such as the famous Reliquary Statue of Sainte-Foy, still preserved at the monastery of Conques in France, and pagan idols was clearly articulated in an important chronicle written by Bernard of Angers in the eleventh century: It is not an impure idol that receives the worship of an oracle or of sacrifice, it is a pious memorial, before which the faithful heart feels more easily and more strongly touched by solemnity, and implores more fervently the powerful intercession of the saint for its sins. By the end of the Middle Ages, image reliquaries, which traditionally were meant to suggest a saints heavenly form and visage, came to mirror contemporary ideas of beauty (67.155.23). Photograph E. Lastra. Reliquary of Sainte Foy, ca. The Church of Saint Foy at Conques provides an excellent example of Romanesque art and architecture. The reliquary of Sainte Foy at Conques is perhaps one of the most powerful of these treasures. The reliquary at Conques held the remains of Saint Foy, a young Christian convert living in Roman-occupied France during the second century. ; Reliquary of Saint Foy: ninth century C.E., with later additions. This is the scene that we see right under Christs feetyou can see the clear division between a large doorway leading to Paradise and a terrifying mouth that leads the way to Hell. The common belief was that a saints reliquary could not be relocated without the saints permission; hence, a successful move was seen as indubitable evidence of a saints willingness to be relocated. They could then circulate around the ambulatory and out the transept, or crossing. The present Romanesque church construction started under the guidance of Abbot Odolric (1031-1065) on the setting of a 10th century basilica. Early European and Colonial American Works. Church of SainteFoy, Conques, France, c. 10501130 (photo: Located in Conques, the Church of Saint-Foy (Saint Faith) is an important pilgrimage church on the route to Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain. The use of spolia, or the repurposing of Roman artifacts, connects the statue to Rome, the seat of Christianity, and its riches. Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy (Saint Faith), late 10th to early 11th century with later additions, gold, silver gilt, jewels, and cameos over a wooden core, 33 1/2 inches (Treasury, Sainte-Foy, Conques) (photo: Pilgrims arriving in Conques had one thing on their mind: the reliquary of Saint Foy. Reliquaries were often covered with narrative scenes from the life of saints, whose remains may have been contained within (17.190.520; 1987.89). A reliquary was a vessel in which the remains of a martyr could be housed. The date of the creation of the reliquary is unknown, but the first recording of it was in 1010 by Bernard of Angers. August 21, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/art/Romanesque-architecture (accessed Apr. Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, originally published October 2001, last revised April 2011. The relics of Sainte-Foy arrived in Conques through theft in 866. [2] Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Only the fool needs an order the genius dominates over chaos. Over time these came to been seen to be at odds with the original spirit of the architecture. Photograph E. Lastra. Benedicta Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind: Theory, Record, and Event, 1000-1215 (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press. Christian belief in the power of relics, the physical remains of a holy site or holy person, or objects with which they had contact, is as old as the faith itself and developed alongside it. Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy, 16. [2] The abbey church is a listed monument since 1840. Was a May Day Attack by Pilgrims a Practice Run for a Massacre? 6), now located in a small treasury museum in the west gallery.24 The original statue was in fact quite different from what we see today: it represented the saint seated in a stiff, frontal posture and only had a cylindrical projection in place of a head.25 The gold head, portraying an adult male, was speculated to have come from an imperial sculpture of the fifth century and was likely a royal donation.26 After the miracle of Guibert (see the section on Sainte Foys miracles for details) and with the help of various donations that came thereafter in the late tenth century, the statue was modified to the basic form of what we are familiar with today: a crown, ecclesiastical garb, and a throne. (figs. Photograph E. Lastra. 058 Church of Sainte Foy Reliquary Organizer, 058 Church of Sainte Foy Tympanum Organizer, 058 Church of Sainte Foy Tympanum Organizer.docx, 058 Church of Sainte Foy Reliquary Organizer.docx, I am a student in Mrs. Hernandez's VVA AP Art History class. 1000 with later additions, Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques, France. Direct link to Polina Viti's post The Church of Sainte-Foy , Posted 4 years ago. The main feature of these churches was the cruciform plan. Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy, 37. The reliquary holds the skull of Sainte Foy in the bust, which is made from a repurposed Roman helmet. The Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques, France, was a popular stop for pilgrims traveling the Way of St. James to Santiago de Compostela, in what is now Spain. She was beautiful in appearance, but her mind was more beautiful.5. Church: c. 10501130 C.E. Chasse with the Crucifixion and Christ in Majesty, Reliquary Pendant with Queen Margaret of Sicily Blessed by Bishop Reginald of Bath, Reliquary Casket with Scenes from the Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket, Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and the History of His Relics, Pilgrim's Badge of the Shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, Jewish Art in Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium, Painting in Italian Choir Books, 13001500, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages, Private Devotion in Medieval Christianity, Antique Engraved Gems and Renaissance Collectors, Art for the Christian Liturgy in the Middle Ages. Direct link to David Alexander's post It wasn't particularly in, Posted 4 years ago. After unsuccessful attempts to acquire the relics of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and then the relics of St. Vincent Pompejac in Agen, the abbey authorities set their sights on the relics of Sainte-Foy at the ancient St. Over time, travelers paid homage to Saint Foy by donatinggemstones for the reliquary so that her dress iscovered with agates, amethysts, crystals, carnelians, emeralds, garnets, hematite, jade, onyx, opals, pearls, rubies, sapphires, topazes, antique cameos and intaglios. Then in the 700s Louis the Pious gave money for a bigger Benedictine Abbey. Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy (Saint Faith), late 10th to early 11th century with later additions, gold, silver gilt, jewels, and cameos over a wooden core, 33 1/2 inches (Treasury, Sainte-Foy, Conques) (photo: Holly Hayes, CC BY-NC 2.0) The reliquary Pilgrims arriving in Conques had one thing on their mind: the reliquary of Saint Foy. Historically the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy has been connected to a group of churches that includes the Basilica of Saint Martin at Tours, the Abbey of Saint Martial at Limoges, the Basilica of Saint-Sernin at Toulouse, and finally, the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, with scholars noting similar features between them such as fireproof stone vaulting, an apse with ambulatory and radiating chapels, and enlarged crypts.21 The new layout of the church ensured adequate space for all the visiting pilgrims (see fig. By 866, the monks were ready for a little more attention, and so they set their sights on acquiring a genuine relic, the key to bringing religious pilgrimsand their coinsto Conques. Because of the belief in the resurrection of Christ and the bodily assumption of the Virgin into heaven, physical relics of Christ and the Virgin werewith a few rare exceptions, like the baby teeth of Jesus or the Virgins milkusually objects that they touched in their lifetime, such as the wood from the True Cross (17.190.715ab; 2002.18) or pieces of the Virgins veil. Gobin, The Cult of Saints: Sainte Foy.. Modified image in the public domain. Conques, France. Source: Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_humaniste_de_S%C3%A9lestat_21_janvier_2014-117.jpg, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. 1. Direct link to David Alexander's post The church is made from s, who were the patrons and architects of this. The relics of dozens of martyrs are stored in a single chapel. I've read claims that her remains were stolen from their original location before they ended in Conques. Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy, 18. Are there scholarly sources stating the types of stones adorned on the reliquary? Baarn: De Prom, 2000. Gobin, Sydney K. The Cult of Saints: Sainte Foy. The Medieval Magazine, May 8, 2019. https://www.themedievalmagazine.com/past-issue-features/2019/5/8/the-cult-of-saints-sainte-foy-by-sydney-k-gobin (accessed Apr. 31. Direct link to Miranda Malec's post Are there scholarly sourc, Posted 4 years ago. Stone (architecture); stone and paint (tympanum); gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary). Direct link to Haley Simmons's post The priest is the patron , Posted 7 years ago. The barrel vault's outward thrust is met by the half barrels of the galleries which run the length of the nave and transept. Global Prehistory II. The capitals are decorated with a variety of motifs including palm leaves, symbols, biblical monsters and scenes from the life of Sainte-Foy. When was this essay published on the website? Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. In the eighth century, a group of monks (who would later establish the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy) fled from Spain to Conques, France, hoping to escape from the Saracens (Arab Muslims).7 At the time, Conques experienced a decline in power as King Pippin I ordered the construction of a new monastery at Figeac, located about forty kilometers north and west of Conques.8 Under such circumstances, Conques needed a power base of its own in order to maintain its independent existence, and the appropriate power base in the ninth century was a miracle-working saint;9 as Gobin notes, These attempts were not always committed in the most Christian ways, but rather through deception and theft,10 also known as furta sacra. They could also crowd into its spacious nave and transepts for special occasions such as the saints feast day.22, When one travels to the west door of the church, they come across a great tympanum that depicts the Last Judgment (see fig. Sometimes the decoration of chasses was not specific to any given saint or community but rather reflected common Christian themes, making them appropriate to the use of any community (17.190.514). Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy, 10. Barbara Drake Boehm See Page 1. Reliquaries are often quite opulent and can be encrusted with precious metals and gemstones given by the faithful. Even today, the church and the reliquary of Sainte Foy continue to welcome those who wish to witness the saints glory to its fullest. Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy, 16. Every October, a great celebration and procession is held for Saint Foy, continuing a medieval tradition into present day devotion. The holiest of relics were those associated with Christ and his mother. Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind, 38; Ashley and Sheingorn, Sainte Foy Was No Snow White,), 66. Over time, Sainte Foy received substantial tributes from her devotees and pilgrims for her powerful miracles. Soulages designed abstract, rows of gently bending lines that shift in direction from panel to panel. Patrick J. Geary, Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), 59. 10 out of 10 points Correct Answer: The reliquary's form seemed idolatrous. This examination begins with the artwork that is visible even before you plunge into the church building. Its Romanesque architecture, albeit somewhat updated in places, is displayed in periodic self-guided tour opportunities, especially of the upper level, some of which occur at night with live music and appropriately-adjusted light levels. The manly face of the reliquary has actually caused some debatesome scholars see the. A relic might be a body part, a saint's finger, a cloth worn by the Virgin Mary, or a piece of the True Cross. The reliquary at Conques held the remains of Saint Foy, a young Christian convert living in Roman-occupied France during the second century. Notably, when a knight came to her seeking a cure for a herniated scrotum, she, via vision, helpfully suggested that he find a blacksmith willing to smash it with a white-hot hammer. ed. [13] The relics themselves were stolen from the nearby town of Agen by the monks of Conques in what was commonly called a furtum sacrum, or holy robbery. Post navigation Previous 33. As written in the Passio (The Passion of Sainte Foy), when Foy was summoned before a Roman prefect, she prayed to the Lord, saying, Lord Jesus Christ, You Who always aid Your own in every circumstance, be present now with Your handmaiden and supply acceptable words to my mouth, which I may give in answer before this tyrant. And she armed herself with an unconquerable shield, making the sign of the holy cross on her forehead, mouth, and heart, and so she went on with her spirit strengthened.2, Even as she was threatened, Foys faith did not waver; filled with holy strength, she exclaimed: For the name of my Lord Jesus Christ I have been prepared not only to be threatened but to suffer all kinds of torments.3. She is brought out every year on her feast day of October 6. Stone (architecture); stone and paint (tympanum); gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary). Located in Conques, the Church of Saint-Foy, otherwise known as Saint Faith, is an important pilgrimage church on the route to Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain. The world's tallest bridge is also possibly the most elegant. Conques received his 'A' indicating that it was his favorite. The golden statue at times took on the power of the saint that it represents, since although the saint usually appeared in miraculous visions as a little girl, she sometimes took the form of her statue as well.30 In other words, there is a construction of meaning and significance through the form of the reliquary; ultimately, the line between the reliquary and the saint herself is blurred, and the two become one. Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy (Saint Faith), late 10th to early 11th century with later additions, gold, silver gilt, jewels, and cameos over a wooden core, 33 1/2 inches (Treasury, Sainte-Foy, Conques) (photo: Holly Hayes, CC BY-NC 2.0). Hell (detail), Last Judgment tympanum, Church of SainteFoy, France, Conques, c. 10501130 (photo: A gluttonous man, detail of the Last Judgment tympanum, Church of SainteFoy, France, Conques, c. 10501130 (photo: ricardo, CC BY 2.0). Sainte-Foy Abbey, also known as Conques Abbey and Abbey de Sainte Foy, was one of the churches along the medieval pilgrimage route to the Spanish cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. Rev. St. Foy in Majesty. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Conques Moissac Roncesvalles Njera Sahagn Santiago de Compostela, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abbatiale_Sainte-Foy_de_Conques_plan_01.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_humaniste_de_S%C3%A9lestat_21_janvier_2014-117.jpg. The reliquary at Conques held the remains of Saint Foy, a young Christian convert living in Roman-occupied France during the second century. The Book of Sainte Foy. 9).36 Bernard then contributed to the reputation of the church and Conques by spreading his records in northern France.37. What was the church of Sainte Foy made of? 1000 with later additions, Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques, France. Why are relics important? Renoue, M., Smiotique et perception esthtique: Pierre Soulages et Sainte-Foy de Conques, Limoges, 2001 Sauerlnder, W., "OMNES PERVERSI SIC SUNT IN TARTARA MERSI. AP Art History Home I. St. John the Baptist's forearm is housed in this remote 11th-century monastery. 30. Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy, Anonymous Artist, 9th-10th Centuries. Direct link to brooklyn.bassett's post When was this essay publi, Posted 6 years ago. Each of these sinners represents a type of sin to avoid, from adultery, to arrogance, even to the misuse of church offices. The Art of Ivory and Gold in Northern Europe around 1000 A.D. 35. Legendary Treasure at Conques: Relics and Imaginative Memory. Speculum 71, no. Abbot Odolric It is also an abbey, meaning that the church was part of a monastery where monks lived, prayed and worked. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. 27. 3. Reliquarys are often quite opulent and can be encrusted with precious metals and gemstones given by the faithful. Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy, 35. She performed the standard miracles and healings associated with sainthood, yet she also played practical jokes, demanded offerings, and even meted out punishment to skeptics and detractors. All relics bestowed honor and privileges upon the possessor; monasteries and cathedrals sought to obtain the prestigious relics, and when they succeeded, their proud accomplishment is sometimes celebrated in the decoration of their sanctuaries (24.167ak). As stories spread pilgrimage traffic increased. The most common relics are associated with the apostles and those local saints renowned for the working of miracles across Europe. At the center, we find Abraham and above him notice the outstretched hand of God, who beckons a kneeling Saint Faith (see image below). 2. Location: Conques, Trsor de l'abbatiale Sainte-Foy de Conques. Reliquary of Sainte-Foy (9 th century with later additions), displayed at east end of the church of Sainte-Foy at Conques, France. Church of Sainte-Foy. The Way to Heaven: Relic Veneration in the Middle Ages. 1000 with later additions, Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques, France. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Wikimedia Commons. Narrower versions of these arches are also found in the apse. Conques, the jewel of Romanesque art Thanks to the relics of Sainte Foy, brought here from Agen in 883, Conques became one of the main stops on the Saint-Jacques de Compostelle pilgrimage route from Puy en Velay. Only small parts of the monastery have survived but the church remains largely intact. 9. The statue is covered in gold, silver gilt jewels, and cameos over a wooden core. Indeed, from the time of Charlemagne, it was obligatory that every altar contain a relic. Sainte-Foy at Conques on Mapping Gothic France (Columbia University), Gigapixel image of the Tympanum on Mappign Gothic France (Columbia University), Relics and reliquaries in Medieval Christianity (The Met), https://www.tourisme-conques.fr/en/en-conques/st-foy-abbey-church, http://smarthistory.org/church-and-reliquary-of-sainte%e2%80%90foy-france/, https://is.muni.cz/th/atogm/text_prace_Vahancikova.pdf. Church of Sainte-Foy. She had the ability to not only heal the sick (primarily eyesight ) but could raise the dead, and break the chains of the enslaved.31 She protected the good and punished and haunted the evil, sometimes even causing physical harm to those who refused to submit to her. Livres des miracles de Sainte-Foy, La Bibliothque Humaniste de Slestat, France. An example is the Reliquary of Saint Foy, located at Conques abbey on the pilgrimage route. Any clarity to this? 3 (#99152), Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings, A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art, A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books, Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages, Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages, Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity, The Buddhas long journey to Europe and Africa, The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art, The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art, Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages, Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts, Parchment (the good, the bad, and the ugly), Words, words, words: medieval handwriting, Making books for profit in medieval times, Medieval books in leather (and other materials), The medieval origins of the modern footnote, An Introduction to the Bestiary, Book of Beasts in the Medieval World, Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine, About the chronological periods of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy, Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine, Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian, SantApollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy), Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources, Art and architecture of Saint Catherines Monastery at Mount Sinai, Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis, The Byzantine Fieschi Morgan cross reliquary, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period, Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture, Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, A work in progress: Middle Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia, Mosaics and microcosm: the monasteries of Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni, and Daphni, Byzantine frescoes at Saint Panteleimon, Nerezi, Book illumination in the Eastern Mediterranean, A Byzantine vision of Paradise The Harbaville Triptych, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period, Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, Torcello, Mobility and reuse: the Romanos chalices and the chalice with hares, Byzantium, Kyivan Rus, and their contested legacies, Plunder, War, and the Horses of San Marco, Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade, Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, Picturing salvation Choras brilliant Byzantine mosaics and frescoes, Charlemagne (part 1 of 2): An introduction, Charlemagne (part 2 of 2): The Carolingian revival, Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels, Depicting Judaism in a medieval Christian ivory, Bronze doors, Saint Michaels, Hildesheim (Germany), Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic, Church and Reliquary of Sainte-Foy, France, Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Basilica Ste-Madeleine, Vzelay (France), Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy, The Romanesque churches of Tuscany: San Miniato in Florence and Pisa Cathedral, The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy, The Second Norman Conquest | Lanfrancs Reforms, The English castle: dominating the landscape, Motte and Bailey Castles and the Norman Conquest | Windsor Castle Case Study, Historiated capitals, Church of Sant Miquel, Camarasa, The Painted Apse of Sant Climent, Tall, with Christ in Majesty, Plaque with the Journey to Emmaus and Noli Me Tangere, Conservation: Cast of the Prtico de la Gloria, Cecily Brown on medieval sculptures of the Madonna and Child, Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at St. Denis, Saint Louis Bible (Moralized Bible or Bible moralise), Christs Side Wound and Instruments of the Passion from the Prayer Book of Bonne of Luxembourg, Ivory casket with scenes from medieval romances, Four styles of English medieval architecture at Ely Cathedral, Matthew Pariss itinerary maps from London to Palestine, The Crucifixion, c. 1200 (from Christus triumphans to Christus patiens), Hiding the divine in a medieval Madonna: Shrine of the Virgin, Porta Sant'Alipio Mosaic, Basilica San Marco, Venice, Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction, https://smarthistory.org/pilgrimage-routes-and-the-cult-of-the-relic/. puerto rican greetings and gestures, who was the first female ruler of egypt,