P. J. 19(1): 119. Miller, A. , 35(4): 330341. Reports and Papers, 235264. Braver, A. Pretoria: University of South Africa, UNISA Press. The next lower vowels are markedly lower. Holtzhausen Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. Berkeley: University of California Press. De Blois, K. F. . The nasal feature is realised as nasalisation of the latter part of the vowel // in Fragment C, following an oral portion, B, and the aspiration of the initial stop, A. Fragment D, which is the consonantal part of the // is voiceless but oral, and as often in an [h]-sound, the transition of the formants of the flanking vowels can be traced through its duration. (2007) A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Zulu Affricates. (1996) Phonetics, Phonology and Rhetorical Structuring of Chichewa. (ed. Hombert Berkeley Linguistics Society Spiss, C. In This difference seems to be related to the different origin of long vowels; Yao P21 maintains Proto-Bantu vowel length distinctions and adds to them. are higher compared to D. 11: 127149. Sands Brockhaus. Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. Languages across the world have unique phonemic systems. In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. South African Journal of African Languages ), Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. M. ), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 129138. T. London: Gregg International. L. J. For example, in Chewa N31b, as is common cross-linguistically, the High pitch peak is realised at the end of the syllable to which it is associated (Kim 1998, Myers 1999a). (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? J. Skhosana, P. B. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Cibelli, E. The small arrows on the waveform show a distinct anterior and dorsal burst on the first click. Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. Special attention is paid to consonants with complex articulations, including clicks and the so-called whistling fricatives. It is hoped that the brief discussions of selected issues here will encourage more attention to be paid to phonetic aspects of these languages. Two examples from Giryama E72a are illustrated in Studies in African Linguistics Faytak, M. (2007) Weie Geister Diachrone Stereotype in Nordnamibia und Sdangola. A. Figure 3.26 Differences in lip posture appear to enhance the contrast between labio-dental /f v/ and labial fricatives / / in Kwangali K33 and in Manyo K332 (Ladefoged 1990). Guthrie classification of Bantu languages M. N. Bakker, P. (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Figure 3.8 J. Wright, R. As these show, the first segment is released before the closure for the second is formed. PDF Koen Bostoen, Mark van de Velde To cite this version Fry, C. Seifert Otronyi (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. In the Gur language Minyanka, the pharyngeal fricative [] is a variant of // (Dombrowsky-Hahn 1999: 52). When the sequence is voiceless, as in /tk/, there is a strong oral release of the first closure. Moyo, C. T. Here a pair of vowels in the front and a pair of vowel in the back have such low values of F1 that they are all appropriately considered to be high vowels. Executive Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics Ltd., High Wycombe, England. The front closure for dental clicks is formed earlier and held longer (about 105 ms) than that for post-alveolar or lateral clicks (about 80 ms). & The Bantu Languages Print publication date: February 2019 Online publication date: January 2019 Print ISBN: 9781138799677 eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe ISBN: 10.4324/9781315755946-3 Download Chapter Abstract Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. Pretoria: Via Afrika. T. J. Editor of. Monaka Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. Poulos, G. (1971) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. However, these standardised transcriptions may disguise significant differences between languages, especially with respect to the nature of the vowels written /e/ and /o/. Staubs Nande . & Ndendeule N101 has no long vowels and no lengthening. 13(2): 171196. The question of the role of ATR interacts with the question of the nature of the high vowels, as the *super-high/*high contrast might have been an expression of an ATR contrast or transformed into one in daughter languages. . Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. Roux, J. C. Ladefoged, P. (2011) Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment. 32(1): 97111. 28(2): 215239. (eds. (2009) Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. Yehia, H. C. There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. E. ), Namibian Languages. 55: 119148. Sands, B. Maddieson, I. 3: 79121. & 7: 270414. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van de Velde and . Lukusa, S. T. M. Lengthened vowels are much closer in duration to underlying long vowels in Ganda JE15 than they are in Sukuma F21. Figure 3.13 /, / Paper presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Austin Texas, 58 January 2017. Lee Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. Rodekuhr Journal of Phonetics Roux, J. C. , (1999) Phnomnes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali). Downing, L. J. The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. Evidently more study of the phonetic and sociolinguistic variation in this area would be of great interest. Hinnebusch The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in Mittheilungen des Seminars fr Orientalische Sprachen These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a. eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe Journal of the International Phonetic Association Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). The examples cited during this study are taken from the selected languages shown in the following list. Maddieson, I. In (2016) Tone and Intonation in Shingazidja. Figure 3.11 Sanders and . A. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. In this variety, lexical stems are marked by a strong tendency for V1 and V2 to be identical except if V2 is /a/, when /i a o u/ are all relatively common as V1, but /e / are not. In several areas earlier voiceless prenasalised stops have developed into voiceless nasals or related types of segments, including in Sukuma F21 (Maddieson 1991), Pokomo E71, Bondei G24 (Huffman & Hinnebusch 1998), Kalanga S16 (Mathangwane 1998) and Rwanda JD61 (Demolin & Delvaux 2001). This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. Figure 3.19 E. D. , & Source: Recording made available by Daniel Duke and Marieke Martin. x Figure 3.31 (2010) Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Corpora in South Africa. (1982) Nasalization in Umbundu. & South African Journal of African Languages L. , A.-M. (1959) A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. Clicks in the South-West cluster were borrowed independently from those in the South-East. Toda One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. & (2010) More on Post-Nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. In The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in A small quantity of air is entrapped inside the sealed oral cavity. due to male/female differences in formant range. E. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan System. Figure 3.16 Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). Passy, P. S. Detailed studies of this type not only illuminate the individual language studied but may provide insights into diachronic issues. Batibo, H. M. (1972) Numerical Simulation of Vowel Quality Systems: The Role of Perceptual Contrast. Book Description. Fehn Figure 3.33 Hyman Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Byrd , At vowel onset, the F0 difference between High and Low tones after a set of non-depressor consonants is 22 Hz, but a High tone onset after depressor consonants is 44 Hz lower than after the non-depressors and a Low after depressors is 23 Hz lower than after non-depressors. Letele, G. L. ), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, 168187. Leiden: Brill. South African Journal of African Languages , Bokamba, E. G. Rialland Fulop, S. A. Bradfield, J. O. Herman, R. . The seal around the inside of the teeth is made by 40 ms later, and as the contact area of the back of the tongue enlarges, the front edge of the velar contact is now visible as a line of contacted electrodes at the bottom of the arc. F. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Figure 3.1 . Journal of African Languages and Linguistics , G. The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. van der Merwe New Proposals for the Phonological Inventory of Proto-Bantu. B. Edition 1st Edition. We are using cookies to provide statistics that help us give you the best experience of our site. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. Ishihara (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. & Rialland Pretorius In the Tswa-Ronga S50 group, clicks have been reported to occur in Tswa S51, Tsonga S53, Konde S54, Nkuna S53D and Ronga S54 (Passy 1914, Persson 1932, Doke 1954, Baumbach 1974, Afido et al. J. C. Pongweni, A. J. C. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. x Bantu by fifty "Conimon Bantu time-spans,'' and proto-Bantu by ten. (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. Fricated vowels occur in Kom and Oku, two Grassfields Bantu languages of the central Ring group (Faytak 2014, Faytak & Merrill 2014), as well as in several Bantoid languages of the northern Cameroon Grassfields (Faytak 2015). Bailey Martin Although most Bantu languages use only one coronal (typically alveolar) and one dorsal (velar) place of articulation, contrasts between dental and alveolar places are found in several languages, and contrasts between velars and uvulars are found in Kgalagari S311 (Dickens 1987, Monaka 2001, 2005). An unusual VOT contrast between partially voiced plosives and fully voiced stops, possibly implosives, has been described in Bekwel A85b (Cheucle 2014: 287) and the Kanincin variety of Ruwund L53 (Demolin 2015: 495). , Clicks have also been reported to occur in Chopi S61 (Bailey 1995) and in the Mzimba variety of Tumbuka N21 (Moyo 1995). Afido, P. & Trinta J. D. High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). (eds. In Sukuma F21, the nasal portion of the voiceless nasals is often at least partly voiced or breathy voiced, as described in Maddieson (1991), whereas the parallel segments in Rwanda JD61 are fully voiced (except after voiceless fricatives), but produced with a modified kind of voicing described by Demolin and Delvaux (2001) as whispery-voice. The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. E. (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. E. ISBN: Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. The accompaniment refers to all the other aspects of the click: laryngeal action and timing, nasal coupling, and the location (uvular or velar) and manner of release (abrupt or affricated) of the back closure. Gunnink & (2001) Corpus Applications for the African Languages, with Special Reference to Research, Teaching, Learning, and Software. (1970b) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. The distribution seen in Xhosa S41 or Swahili G42 is similar to that most typically found cross-linguistically in five-vowel systems transcribed /i e a o u/, such as Spanish, Hadza or Hawaiian. L. Figure 3.27 Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. Ashby, S. Finally, the Journal of African Languages and Linguistics & Gunnink, H. & Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. E. Kisseberth, C. W. 24(1): 530. (1996) Boundary Tones and the Phonetic Implementation of Tone in Chichewa. Following Traill et al. , (2016) Information Structure in Bantu Languages. Pholia Arlington: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. | Promotions 2011: 2127). Maho, J. F. van Oostendorp, M. Paper presented at Second World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig.