It has kept pace with its brethren in other sections of the Union where slavery does not exist. He advanced the idea of a concurrent majority, a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority. Under the pressure of worldwide public opinion, slavery was completely abolished in its last remaining Latin American strongholds, Cuba and Brazil, in 188086 and 188388 respectively, and thus the enslavement of persons of African descent by legal regimes ceased to exist as a Western phenomenon. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. He had been John Adger's successor in the Second Presbyterian Church of Charleston for several years. 1011). There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. Planters who owned large plantation houses with at least fifty slaves made up ______ percent of the white population in the South in 1860. New York: Viking, 2006. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. How Did Southerners Justify Secession? - Reference.com Slave owners believed they helped enslaved people by providing food, shelter, and clothing while relieving them of responsibility. Did the Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory? (April 27, 2023). On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. The tariff appeared to open the door for other federal initiatives, including the abolition of slavery. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980. They often accompanied their parents and were cared for by older children. Palmer also argues that the slaves are better off with slavery, in part because of their own nature: "We know better than others that every attribute of their character fits them for dependence and servitude. he continues. The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. Image Source: Wikimedia.. continue reading Southern states seceded from the union in order to protect their states rights, the institution of slavery, and disagreements over tariffs. How did the Confederates view slavery during the war? a informal network of people that helped fugitive slaves make their way to the North, Most southern planters considered their slaves to be. Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. . what did the federal government do in 1835 about abolitionist material? One article banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal. One popular advocate of the idea posited that Black people occupied a place in evolution between the Greeks and chimpanzees. Confederate Constitution explicitly supported slavery and asserted state rights. New York: Macmillan, 1987. The Methodist Church, which had been founded in part on antislavery principles, followed suit in 1844 with the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Boles 1994, pp. This belief arose primarily from the widespread conviction that slaves could not take care of themselves if left to their own devices. Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because it, The invention that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the, The typical way for most slaves to express discontent was. How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery. In making their defense of slavery, they critiqued wage labor in the North. it required southern postmasters to destroy it and told southern state officials to arrest federal postmasters who did not comply, no, many northerners wanted to keep the clauses on slavery in the Constitution, those who did not want to fully abolish slavery but prevent it from extending it west, an organization created in the Great Depression that hired people to improve culture, including interviewing remaining former slaves from Virginia to Texas for three years; most of the slaves were very old and/or had been very young when enslaved, so they weren't as useful. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. C. They felt free Black people were treated worse than the enslaved people in the South. Sig= showed the absolute subjugation of slaves at this time. Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Frustrated with decades of what they saw as attacks on their morality by the abolitionist movement, many Southerners dug in their heels and became increasingly suspicious of the North. How were language and music important in the life of slaves? How did abolitionists in the North respond to Southern apologists? A For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, was. no, overspeculation and the purchase of too many slaves forced many into debt; slaves were also expensive and the system was overly reliant upon one crop. Not confined to a single church, early antislavery sentiment was common among Mennonites, Quakers, Presbyterians, Baptists, Amish, and other practitioners of Protestant denominations. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. It was limited in circulation but was still the focus of intense public debate. Aaron Sheehan-Dean is the Fred C. Frey Professor of Southern Studies at Louisiana State University. The focus on a single industry that was profitable only to a small minority prevented industrial and commercial growth. Did the Confederacy have the right to secede? Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. After several years of teaching, I transitioned into the world of educational consulting. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. John Lafayette Girardeau (18251898), the Presbyterian preacher at a small church off the coast of South Carolina, held services for both white and black parishioners and then separate services for slaves. But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil:far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. The economic argument, however, failed to address the exploitative nature of slavery. To many Southern ministers, slavery conferred upon slaveholders a sense of responsibility for the souls of their slaves. Actually, it was not. . Scriptural and Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery. Affluent plantation owners thought that the middle class society in the north was terrible. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." The New South Who was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement? Theological justification from their ministers allowed them to believe that not only did God sanction slavery, but slaverys supporters were better Christians and more faithful interpreters of Biblical text than were their opponents. The slave-owning class was small, but it was supported by the overwhelming majority of churches and ministers., Considering they saw themselves as doing Gods work, white Southerners were shocked by the military defeat of the Confederacy. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. False The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent AND GUARANTEED slavery in Confederate territory. When the Second Presbyterian Church of Charleston opened in 1850 to serve the slave and free black community, James Henley Thornwell delivered the dedication sermon to a crowd of both white and black congregantsa sermon that underscores how the average Southern preacher saw how slavery and religious values could coexist: The slave has rights, all the rights which belong essentially to humanity, and without which his nature could not be human or his conduct susceptible of praise or blame. At one end of its spectrum was William Lloyd Garrison, an "immediatist," the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-70), who denounced not only slavery but also the Constitution of the United States for tolerating the evil. The Antebellum South It illustrates southern leaders intense suspicion of democratic majorities and their ability to effect legislation that would challenge southern interests. Those who attended churches where the slaves of several families were active had a chance as well to meet others in their unique predicament; they could have relatively normal conversations without feeling constrained by the yoke they usually wore (Boles 1994, p. 55). This entry includes 2 subentries: 1830s. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of, The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of, large numbers of surplus slaves were sold from the upper South to the lower South. Canaan, Ham's son, was made a slave to his brothers . (Palmer 1860, p. 8). In what way did the Confederate Constitution differ from the United States Constitution quizlet? The Virginian George Fitzhugh contributed to the defense of slavery with his book Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (1854). The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. John C. Calhoun, shown here in a ca. How did southern opinion about the morality of slavery change during the 1830s? The moral component of the argument fell into the hands of the clergyand a surprisingly large number of Southern ministers offered a rational moral justification for slavery. Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests; that our wealth consists in our lands and in the serfs who till them; that from the nature of our products they can only be cultivated by labor which must be controlled in order to be certain; that any other than a tropical race must faint and wither beneath a tropical sun? In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. to enact gradual voluntary emancipation for slaves. According to Fitzhugh: [I]t is clear the Athenian democracy would not suit a negro nation, nor will the government of mere law suffice for the individual negro. John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. . . Wrote an autobiography "incidents in the life of a slave girl". B. Why did southern states secede over slavery? What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? What basic premise underlies his ideas? did many southerners own large numbers of slaves? . 255-268. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? This is important because it shows that slaves were always considered property and could not escape to the North. The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. Hinton R. Helper tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that. Abolition did poorly at the polls. In the late 1850s, she assisted Brown in his planning for the disastrous raid on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. . What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? If a former slave could not prove he or she had been legally freed, then he or she was likely to be. Tobacco A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the. Large groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer. . White southerners in the 1830s began portraying free blacks as savages because they were trying to. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. Southerners, in contrast, were quiet, gentle, thoughtful, and given on occasion to "flights of genius" (p. 406). I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a gooda positive good. The theory of polygenism codified racism, giving the notion of Black inferiority the lofty mantle of science. By wars end, the Union had set up over 100 contraband camps in the South. He would travel from early morning to late evening, and he was well received by the slaves. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a positive good because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. The agricultural-based plantation economy of Southern colonies like Virginia and the Carolinas required a large labor force, which was met via enslaving people of African descent. The push to abolish slavery in the United States proved more difficult because slavery was driven by domestic rather than colonial enterprises and was the social and economic base of the plantations of 11 Southern states. The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. In the mid-1800s, slave owners in the South believed in the chattel principle, or the belief that slaves were pieces of moving property and therefore would always belong to their owners. Boles, John B. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). I then predicted that it would commence as it has with this fanatical portion of society, and that they would begin their operations on the ignorant, the weak, the young, and the thoughtless and gradually extend upwards till they would become strong enough to obtain political control. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Abraham, the "father of faith," and all the patriarchs held slaves without God's disapproval (Gen. 21:9-10). In 1874, for instance, the Southern Methodists General Convention reaffirmed their attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, historian Elizabeth L. Jemison writes in her exploration of proslavery Christianity after Emancipation. Never before has the Black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. Slaves were told that their masters would protect them, giving them a safe home and access to their own church communities. I have seen them rock to and fro under the influence of their feelings, like a wood in a storm. Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. As the friend of the Union I openly proclaim itand the sooner it is known the better. Won an exemption from the Mexican law prohibiting slavery. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. Myths & Misunderstandings: The North and Slavery - American Civil War How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? Anthropologists find evidence of it in nearly every continent and culture dating back to ancient times and even the Neolithic period of human development. Which description best describes the "task" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? Garrisons uncompromising tone infuriated not only Southerners but many Northerners as well and was long treated as though it were typical of abolitionism in general. . Consequently, many Northerners remained unwilling to adopt abolitionist policy and were distrustful of abolitionist extremism. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. I appeal to facts. What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? In fact, the churches in many communities were biracial; although the slaves and their white masters did not mix with each other socially within the church, both worshipped there together (Boles 1994, p. 46). ." European settlers brought a system of slavery with them to the western hemisphere in the 1500s. Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1856. In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition. Our best stories about the vast histories and cultures of Americans with ancestry in Asia and the Pacific.
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