Your email address will not be published. A. against predation. Opisthokonta He also included the not-closely-related haptophytes. Stramenopiles have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c1/c2, and fucoxanthin as photosynthetic pigments. Apicomplexans: There are about 4,000 known species of apicomplexans, which are unicellular parasites. Other species have lost the original endosymbiont, and some have replaced it with a plastid of a different origin. Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. pathogen. D. Stramenopila Opisthokonta B. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. The origin of the mitochondrion and chloroplast is hypothesized to have involved B. Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. Characteristics. pathogens, JoAnn Burkholder and colleagues performed an experiment to determine whether or not two strains of Pfisteria shumwayae (CCMP 1024C and CCMP 2089) were toxic to mammalian cells. B. Rhizaria diatoms) or colonial forms to large multicellular forms, such as the brown algae. Which protist shares a more recent common ancestor with the poriferans? A. The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes, and separated from each other, is known as they are to some other kinds of organisms, Which of the following types of organisms are NOT considered to be -It provided the ability to carry out glycolysis. B. Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely. These glassy cell walls are composed of silicon dioxide. C. are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms D. 32 E. none of the other options presented, The surface of the cells of some Pseudomonas species are covered in numerous threadlike structures. Chlorophyta Updated:. A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and A. chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic mitotically to form eight new haploid micronuclei, (7) the two haploid A. Bacteria and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Eukarya. They found that: B. Spirochaetes D. to permit the embryo to develop undisturbed up to the time of hatching. A. B. Anaerobic cellular respiration. E. the presence of a feeding groove, Slime molds are in the supergroup They are widely used in the study of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. E. calcium carbonate crystals, The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup Fritsch 1935, The classification of the Stramenopiles according to Adl et al. A. phagotrophic Gametes are biflagellate. Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? D. promotes the dispersal of individuals more effectively E. All other systems show no abnormality. The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the mitosomes. Initial laboratory reports show anemia, decreased WBC count, and an elevated ESR. reproduction C. is more rapid than sexual reproduction C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. The secretory systems of Type III and Type IV pathogenic bacteria differ in their mode of attacking cells in what way? The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction is that it: How many species of stramenopiles are there? B. Most stramenopiles also have two unequal length flagella at some point in their life cycle. E. none of the other choices provided. hairy flagella Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. mating strains are nonmotile and have to be dispersed by currents against predators? Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. C. conjugation by a cell, E. the capture of food particles by a cell, Endosymbiosis gave rise to: A.chloroplasts B. The stipes of some kelps have a central zone of elongated conducting cells. -They are parasitic heterotrophs. B. sporozoites C. Amoebozoa They have a siliceous internal skeleton. B. Bacteria and Eukarya diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Archaea. However, early evolution of the plastid organelle in Ochrophyta is not fully understood. endosymbiosis? Chlorarachniophytespossess plastids that are considered to have been acquired by secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga. Stromatolites are What is the difference between plants and Archaeplastida? If this chemical is incorporated into a mouthwash, how would it affect the community of bacteria that cause dental plaque? Most form a biflagellate cell at some stage in their life cycle. E. It would have no effect because they will still be able to form a biofilm and secrete the acid that damages teeth. alveoli, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: D. They release nutrients that other organisms can use. Are stramenopiles autotrophic or heterotrophic? skin thereby increasing exposure to the pathogen. A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. chemoautotrophs One consequence was that an array of heterotrophic organisms, many not been previously considered as 'heterokonts', were seen as related to the 'core heterokonts' (those having anterior flagella with stiff hairs). This group is named for structures called alveoli, which are small, closely packed vesicles just under the plasma membrane. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. When a certain number of individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce the aggregation to respond collectively to stimuli. lichenD. C. pili A. Opisthokonta choanoflagellates dinoflagellates Stramenopiles may be heterotrophic or photoautotrophs. Which situation would be most likely to form a fossil under normal environmental conditions? Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae) Allorge 1930 emend. Stramenopiles are the second group of chromalveolates. Foraminiferans are major contributors to sedimentary chalk deposits. -It caused algae to produce cell walls. A. Conquest of land by arthropods. Which type of organisms are placed under the kingdom Protista? which one stays in the parent cell and the other moves to the opposite photoautotrophs The term 'stramenopile' was introduced by D. J. Patterson in 1989, defining a group that overlapped with the ambiguously defined heterokonts. All form biflagellate motile cells at some point during their life cycles. Group: Stramenopiles Oomycetes (Water Molds and Their Relatives) Oomycetes include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews They were once considered fungi based on morphological studies Most oomycetes are decomposers or parasites They have _____ _ (hyphae) that facilitate nutrient uptake E. Sulfuric acid, aerobic, and anaerobic respiration. Protists are NOT monophyletic. A.bacteria B. algae C. A. Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent. D. It will no longer be able to undergo binary fission for reproduction. protistC. A. the production and emission of light by organisms D. mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, parasitic The diploid micronucleus undergoes meiosis, and three of the four haploid daughter micronuclei disintegrate. sporophyte These flagella pull motile cells through the water. A. the fusion of two archean cells to form an early eukaryote. B. Which of the following are not used by protists for protection Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: Rhizaria - rhizarians, sac like aveoli, fluid is for defense or benefits, histones proteins, RNA polymerase, ribosomal proteins, protein membrane, extremophiles, flagella, histone proteins, ribosomal proteins, RNA polymerases, moderate habitats, Gene transfer: Rhodophyta cells the four diploid micronuclei fuse, (2) then each undergoes B. red-orange C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the micronuclei go to the other. "Stramenopiles: Chromophytes from a protistan perspective", "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences", "A preliminary catalogue of the names of fungi above the rank of order", "The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics", "Chromista revisited: A dilemma of overlapping putative kingdoms, and the attempted application of the botanical code of nomenclature", "The structure, origin, and composition of the tubular mastigonemes of the, "Proteomics Analysis of Heterogeneous Flagella in Brown Algae (Stramenopiles)", "A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)", "Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp", "Cafeteria T.Fenchel & D.J.Patterson 1988", "Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes", "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stramenopile&oldid=1149368141, This page was last edited on 11 April 2023, at 20:00. The evolution of organisms that use oxygen in their respiration was possible only because of the action of a group of bacteria that produced oxygen and changed the Earth's atmosphere from an anoxic one to one rich in oxygen. mature cells D. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were heterotrophic. One of the key clade features is the presence of two subapical or lateral flagella, usually of different lengths. Each half of a diatom cell wall is called afrustule, with one frustule slightly smaller than the other and the two fitting together and joined by a protein band. A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. plants and animals D. anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis? E. dinoflagellates, The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? protists are of the same lineage B. that all protists are more C. It allows developing drugs that make antibodies against the Rhizaria cycle E. spontaneous generation, Diatoms have a special problem: A. because their + and - flagellum D. storing waste materials of the cell E. zygote fungusE. Archaeplastida is more general in including the red algae and the glaucophytes. The chromalveolates can be subdivided into alveolates and stramenopiles. A. green algae They are generally unified by the possession of two unequal flagella, one with tripartite tubular hairs, and have been shown to form a monophyletic group in many molecular phylogenetic analyses. Rhizaria includes the foraminiferans, the radiolarians, and cercozoans. -into the atmosphere D. Yes, because it would have fossilized before it was buried. Tests, if present, are of overlapping siliceous or organic scales or plates. B. ciliates Decrease the amount of artificial light in coastal areas [15] The term 'stramenopile' sought to identify a clade (monophyletic and holophyletic lineage) using the approach developed by transformed cladists of pointing to a defining innovative characteristic or apomorphy. later acquires another one by phagocytosis. D. Their negative effects would be increased because it will cause them to produce the acid that damages teeth. tertiary endosymbiosis What is the likely reaction of such a Pseudomonas cell to the presence of a food particle? dinoflagellates B. because their heavy siliceous shells impede conjugation B. hairy flagella (1) All of the other choices provided are incorrect, A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary generations. In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): The stramenopiles encompass an incredible diversity of organisms, including ecologically fundamental single-celled algae such as diatoms, giant macroalgae such as kelps, as well as photo-mixotrophic and heterotrophic species. D. Archaea What is the most accurate description of the consequence(s) of the increased oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere during and after the Silurian Period? micronuclei with each new cell receiving two micronuclei each. This species produces gas vesicles in order to maximize its access to oxygen at the lake's surface. cysts, In the Plasmodium life cycle, which stage is produced in the mosquito host and injected into humans during mosquito feeding? Which of the following DOES NOT occur in Euglenozoa? A. While some lack cell walls, others have scales. Dr. Lee makes a provisional diagnosis of Sjgren syndrome. How would L. monocytogenes be affected if its actin-like cytoskeletal proteins were no longer functional? When a ciliate reproduces asexually by mitosis C. There is approximately one coliform bacterial species per milliliter. A. -a substance produced by a protist that can interfere with physiological processes List all of Mrs. Schreiber's signs and symptoms. An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce the acid that damages teeth. a hydrogenosome or mitosome). closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of C. anthrax This means: mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. E. none of the choices provided. These large marine algae show a large degree of differentiation with a holdfast that anchors the kelp to the rocky ocean floor, elongated stem-like portions called stipes, and flattened leaf-like portions called blades. Rhizaria, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: Zoospores are single flagellated cells that disperse otherwise The siliceous skeletons of radiolarians are easily fossilized, and consequently the fossil history of this group is well known. A. decay time Which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary relationships among the three domains? They possess tubulocristate mitochondria and a unique, highly complex multi-layered cytoskeleton composed of layers of microtubuli and microfilaments [9,17]. C. No, because bacteria continued to decompose its skeleton after it was buried. C. A Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. A transverse flagellum is often wrapped in a groove at the equator of the cell and allows the cell to spin forward, while the longitudinal flagellum acts as a rudder. B. Purchase fuel-efficient vehicles 1, node 5) after the cryptophyte divergence (1,189 MYA; fig. cyanobacteria nisation is unique to . They all have mitochondria and reproduce by open fission (mitosis). E. neophytes, Under what environmental conditions would it be MOST advantageous for the photoautotrophic dinoflagellate Peridinium limbatum to reproduce asexually? Which (a) Write a mass balance for an aqueous solution of Ca3(PO4)2\mathrm{Ca}_3\left(\mathrm{PO}_4\right)_2Ca3(PO4)2 if the aqueous species are Ca2+,PO43,HPO42\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \mathrm{PO}_4^{3-}, \mathrm{HPO}_4^{2-}Ca2+,PO43,HPO42, H2PO4\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{PO}_4^{-}H2PO4, and H3PO4\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4H3PO4. cycle C. a gametic life cycle D. a zygotic life Members of the Nostoc genus have large numbers of thylakoid membranes, and many have gas vesicles. adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? shooting sharp projectiles E. spines, Bioluminescence is: A. emission of flashes of light by Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Stramenopila E. Alveolata. They are heterotrophic, but may contain unicellular algal endosymbionts (green algae, red algae, chrysophytes, diatoms, or dinoflagellates). The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or hairy, flagellum. They may arise from asexual reproduction. D. There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial species per milliliter. Many stramenopiles also have an additional flagellum that lacks hair-like projections. Although heterotrophic they may contain zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate endosymbionts). The stramenopiles include the golden algae ( Chrysophyta ), the brown algae ( Phaeophyta ), and the diatoms ( Bacillariophyta ). Older rock is deeper and older organisms are deeper in the rock bed, length of time required for a radioisotope to decay to exactly one-half of its initial quantity, "energized" and polymerized "linked" to form DNA RNA proteins, membrane forms and encloses DNA RNA proteins, urey-miller replicates old earth atmosphere (lightning) amino acids, nucleotide precursors, meteorites brought organic carbon to Earth atmosphere, biologically important molecules may have been formed in the temperature gradient between extremely hot vent water and cold ocean water, have all organelles that formed by ingestion, can occupy habitats with extreme conditions, ~50 phyla, most favor moderate conditions, sometimes form symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes, small, peptidoglycan membrane, horizontal gene transfer, gram stain, named for blue-green color, the only prokaryotes that generate oxygen, photosynthetic, fixes nitrogen, wetland, abundant in fresh water, oceans and wetlands and on surfaces of arid soils The supergroup Excavata contain some of Earth's most recent eukaryotes. pathogens from one host to another. C. it allows the development of drugs that make antibodies against the pathogen They formed bacteria and plants The major stramenopiles groups include Diatoms: They are unicellular protists that encase themselves in glassy cell walls with intricate patterns. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following is NOT true of horizontal gene transfer? B. Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely. B. parasite disease it causes is: A.diabetes B. malaria C. Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are: The dinoflagellate Pfisteria is an important protist. dinoflagellates A. production of foodstuffs such as cheese Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. Dinoflagellates exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction. These protists are informally known as: C. producer They are not photosynthetic, but have a structure called the apicoplast, which is the remnant of the original red algae-derived endosymbiont. B. an endosymbiotic relationship between two archaeons. is a(n): A. algaB. Many important photosynthesizers are stramenopiles and not all stramenopiles are single-celled. C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms B. mitochondria Which of the following statements about decomposers is TRUE? Brown algae appear deep brown to brownish green due to the presence of the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin. In a zygotic life cycle: A. Haploid cells form gametes that [29] C. moderate pH It uses toxins to A. They are geologically useful as index fossils, with about 50,000 named species (about 10,000 species still extant). Thanks to their calcareous tests, foraminiferans are readily fossilized. [23][24], Some stramenopiles are significant as autotrophs and as heterotrophs in natural ecosystems; others are parasitic. 2.both strains were toxic the other choices provided, A. emission of flashes of light by organisms. D. nitrogen fixation C. They lack the lipopolysaccharides that Gram-negative bacteria have. diploid micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one At the same time, a protistological perspective was replacing the 19th century one based on the division of unicellular eukaryotes into animals and plants. glycolysis in the peroxisomes D. cilia E. inter-locking purple E. white, The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup: A. haploid nucleus in an individual of sexual strain (+) divides mitochondrial cristae E. calcium carbonate crystals, There was a massive immigration of Irish to the United States in the The term 'Heterokont' has lost its usefulness in critical discussions about the identity, nature, character and relatedness of the group. From a 100 mL sample, you use a 0.5 mL subsample to inoculate a plastic dish filled with a semisolid nutrient medium that fosters growth of coliform bacteria. E. moderate salinity, Archaea are resistant to damage by harsh conditions because their membrane lipids, unlike those of bacteria and eukaryotes, have Anopheles mosquito. sexual strain (-) where it fuses with the resident haploid nucleus to D. mutualism D. Foraminifera Opisthokonta the sporozoite After an appropriate incubation period, you count 100 bacterial colonies growing on the surface of the medium. Stramenopila Cercozoa also includesPaulinella chromatophora,a unicellular photoautotroph whose plastid represents a possible instance of primary endosymbiosis. of the following statements DOES NOT describe its attributes? That can be the case with stramenopiles, a large group of organisms composed of cells with a distinct form of chlorophyll. It will be less efficient at exchanging materials with its environment. C. respond to light with the aid of flotation devices organisms B. capture of moonlight for nocturnal These cells have a central flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. This gives the flagellum a feathery appearance. petroleum deposits. They contain symbiotic algae. The other subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. red algae C. the use of bacteria to attack cancer cells B. A. pathogen They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. Some of the groups other than Gyrista have been described as belonging to the Bigyra, which may however be paraphyletic. C. Increases in animal body sizes and appearance of shelled organisms. C. CO Increasing concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by fertilizer runoff A. transfer of spores New concepts for the system of unicellular organisms. consumers B. aerobic, photosynthetic, prokaryotic. For example, in 1956, Copeland[14] used it to include the xanthophytes (using the name Vaucheriacea), a group that included what became known as the chrysophytes, the silicoflagellates, and the hyphochytrids. B. A. macronucleosis D. methanogen D. Staphylococcus cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells E. Stramenopila. As an environmental scientist, what would you suggest concerned citizens do to help prevent these red tides? mitochondria C. nuclei D. both chloroplasts and They prevent horizontal gene transfer. Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae. -plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis B. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled and biflagellate, while Gonium pectorale, Pleodorina californica and Volvox are multicellular with a single flagella on all cells. B. Plasmodiuim falciparum -A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. significance of that fact is: A. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. D. Oxygen (O) B. spirochaetes tough, or slimy B. toxins C. gamma radiation D. D. Both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. - alveolates Most species are planktonic, but some exist in symbiotic relationships. B. that all protists are more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. The posterior flagellum is smooth (whiplash flagella), trailing, and shorter, sometimes much reduced.
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